State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Feb 15;580:1247-1256. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.085. Epub 2016 Dec 28.
China has gradually become the most important manufacturing and consumption centre for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the world, and inadvertently become the world's major contamination hotspots. However, a systematic analysis of pollution pathways for PFOS/PFOA into the different environmental compartments and their quantification in China has yet to be carried out. This study focused on PFOS and PFOA release into the environment in the central and eastern region of China, which accounts for the vast majority of national emission. About 80-90% of PFOS/PFOA contamination in the Chinese environment was estimated to come directly from manufacturing and industrial sites mostly via wastewater discharge from these facilities. The other major contamination sources for PFOS were identified as being linked to aqueous fire-fighting foams (AFFFs), and pesticides including sulfluramid. For PFOA, following some way behind industrial wastewater, were industrial exhaust gas, domestic wastewater and landfill leachate as contamination sources. For surface water contamination, the major pollution contributors after industrial wastewater were AFFF spill runoff for PFOS, and domestic wastewater and precipitation-runoff for PFOA. The majority of PFOS that contaminated soil was considered to be linked with infiltration of AFFF and pesticides, while most PFOA in soil was attributed to atmospheric deposition and landfill leachate. Where groundwater had become contaminated, surface water seepage was estimated to contribute about 50% of PFOS and 40% of PFOA while the remainder was mostly derived from soil leaching. A review of the available monitoring data for PFOS/PFOA in the literature supported the view that industrial wastewater, landfill leachate and AFFF application were the dominant sources. Higher concentrations of PFOA than PFOS found in precipitation also corroborated the prediction of more PFOA release into air. To reduce PFOS/PFOA contamination of the Chinese environment the focus for control should be on industrial wastewater emissions.
中国已逐渐成为全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）和全氟辛酸（PFOA）的最重要的制造和消费中心，不经意间成为了世界上主要的污染热点地区。然而，目前尚未对 PFOS/PFOA 进入不同环境介质的污染途径及其在中国的量化情况进行系统分析。本研究重点关注中国中东部地区 PFOS 和 PFOA 向环境中的释放，该地区占全国排放量的绝大部分。约 80-90%的中国环境中 PFOS/PFOA 污染被认为直接来自于制造业和工业场所，主要通过这些设施的废水排放。PFOS 的其他主要污染来源被确定为与水基消防泡沫（AFFF）和包括磺胺甲恶唑在内的农药有关。对于 PFOA，除了工业废水之外，工业废气、生活污水和垃圾填埋场渗滤液也是主要的污染来源。对于地表水的污染，工业废水之后的主要污染贡献者是 PFOS 的 AFFF 溢流水，以及 PFOA 的生活污水和降水-径流水。污染土壤的大部分 PFOS 被认为与 AFFF 和农药的渗透有关，而土壤中的大部分 PFOA 则归因于大气沉降和垃圾填埋场渗滤液。地下水受到污染的地方，地表水下渗估计对 PFOS 的贡献约为 50%，对 PFOA 的贡献约为 40%，其余大部分则主要来自土壤淋溶。对文献中 PFOS/PFOA 的现有监测数据的回顾支持了这样一种观点，即工业废水、垃圾填埋场渗滤液和 AFFF 的应用是主要的污染源。降水中 PFOA 的浓度高于 PFOS，这也证实了更多的 PFOA 释放到空气中的预测。为了减少中国环境中 PFOS/PFOA 的污染，控制重点应放在工业废水排放上。
