Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan.
Water Sci Technol. 2012;66(12):2764-71. doi: 10.2166/wst.2012.518.
Recently, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been noted as causes of some of the important environmental problems in recent years due to their occurrences and properties. The most commonly used PFCs are perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which have been used in many kinds of products. They have been found in surface water and tap water in both developed and developing countries around the world including in North America, Europe and Asia. In most countries, rivers are the source of tap water, which is one of the important pathways in which PFCs reach humans. It is essential to evaluate PFOS and PFOA contamination in the river basin. The purpose of this field study was to determine the presence of PFOS and PFOA in rivers around the world. The surveys were conducted in 15 countries during 2004 to 2010. In total, 539 samples were collected from the rivers in 41 cities. A solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with HPLC-ESI-MS/MS were used for the analysis of these chemicals. PFOS and PFOA were detected in all 41 cities not only in industrialized areas but also in non-industrialized areas, representing that these compounds undergo long-range transportation in the environment. The average concentration of PFOS in each city ranged from not detected to 70.1 ng/L. The average concentration of PFOA in each city was in the range 0.2-1,630.2 ng/L. The industrialized areas show higher contamination in both PFOS and PFOA concentrations than non-industrialized areas. Industrial activities are some of the major sources of PFCs contamination in rivers.
近年来，由于全氟化合物（PFCs）的存在和特性，它们已被认为是近年来一些重要环境问题的原因之一。最常用的 PFCs 是全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）和全氟辛酸（PFOA），它们被广泛应用于许多产品中。它们已在包括北美、欧洲和亚洲在内的世界上许多发达国家和发展中国家的地表水和自来水中被发现。在大多数国家，河流是自来水的来源，这是 PFCs 进入人体的重要途径之一。评估河流流域中 PFOS 和 PFOA 的污染程度至关重要。本现场研究旨在确定世界各地河流中 PFOS 和 PFOA 的存在情况。该调查于 2004 年至 2010 年在 15 个国家进行。总共从 41 个城市的河流中采集了 539 个样本。采用固相萃取（SPE）与高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法（HPLC-ESI-MS/MS）对这些化学物质进行分析。在不仅在工业化地区，而且在非工业化地区的 41 个城市中都检测到了 PFOS 和 PFOA，这表明这些化合物在环境中经历了长距离传输。每个城市中 PFOS 的平均浓度范围从未检出到 70.1ng/L。每个城市中 PFOA 的平均浓度范围在 0.2-1630.2ng/L。工业化地区的 PFOS 和 PFOA 浓度污染均高于非工业化地区。工业活动是河流中 PFCs 污染的主要来源之一。
