Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos, INTA EEA Bariloche & CONICET, Modesta Victoria 4450, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina.
Texas Natural History Collections, 3001 Lake Austin Boulevard, Suite 1.314, Austin, Texas, 78703, USA.
Ecol Appl. 2017 Jan;27(1):66-77. doi: 10.1002/eap.1451.
Scolytinae species are recognized as one of the most important tree mortality agents in coniferous forests worldwide, and many are known invaders because they are easily transported in wood products. Nonnative trees planted in novel habitats often exhibit exceptional growth, in part because they escape herbivore (such as Scolytinae) pressure from their native range. Increasing accidental introductions of forest pest species as a consequence of international trade, however, is expected to diminish enemy release of nonnative forest trees. In this context, there is need to characterize patterns of forest herbivore species invasion risks at global scales. In this study, we analyze the establishment potential of 64 North American Scolytinae species in the Southern Hemisphere. We use climate-based ecological niche models (MaxEnt) to spatially define the potential distribution of these Scolytinae species in regions of the Southern Hemisphere were pines are planted. Our model predicts that all of the pine-growing regions of the Southern Hemisphere are capable of supporting some species of North American Scolytinae, but there are certain "hotspot" regions, southeastern Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru and southwestern Australia, that appear to be suitable for a particularly large number of species. The species with the highest predicted risk of establishment were Dendroctonus valens, Xyleborus intrusus, Hylastes tenuis, Ips grandicollis, Gnathotrichus sulcatus, and Ips calligraphus. Given that global commerce is anticipated to continue to increase, we can expect that more Scolytinae species will continue to establish outside their range. Our results provide information useful for identifying a global list of potential invasive species in pine plantations, and may assist in the design of comprehensive strategies aimed at reducing pest establishment in Southern Hemisphere forest plantations.
南洋杉大小蠹是全世界针叶林树木死亡的主要原因之一，而且许多南洋杉大小蠹都是已知的入侵物种，因为它们很容易在木制品中传播。在新栖息地种植的非本地树木通常表现出异常的生长，部分原因是它们逃脱了来自原生范围的食草动物（如南洋杉大小蠹）的压力。然而，随着国际贸易中森林害虫物种偶然引入的增加，预计非本地森林树木的天敌释放会减少。在这种情况下，需要在全球范围内描述森林食草动物物种入侵风险的模式。在这项研究中，我们分析了 64 种北美南洋杉大小蠹在南半球的建立潜力。我们使用基于气候的生态位模型（MaxEnt）来在南半球种植松树的地区空间上定义这些南洋杉大小蠹物种的潜在分布。我们的模型预测，南半球所有的松树种植区都能够支持一些北美的南洋杉大小蠹物种，但有一些“热点”地区，如阿根廷东南部、玻利维亚、智利、秘鲁和澳大利亚西南部，似乎适合特别多的物种。预测建立风险最高的物种是红脂大小蠹、内穴切梢小蠹、细齿小蠹、白松大小蠹、槽沟切梢小蠹和美洲材小蠹。鉴于全球商业预计将继续增长，我们可以预期更多的南洋杉大小蠹物种将继续在其范围之外建立。我们的研究结果提供了在松林种植园中识别潜在入侵物种的全球清单的有用信息，并可能有助于制定旨在减少南半球森林种植园中害虫建立的综合战略。
