Cummings J S, Pellegrini D S, Notarius C I, Cummings E M
Catholic University of America.
Child Dev. 1989 Oct;60(5):1035-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb03534.x.
Responses of 2-5-year-old children to angry adult behavior were examined as a function of parental report of marital distress, history of interparent verbal hostility, and history of interparent physical hostility. A trained actor engaged the child's mother in an emotionally expressive verbal exchange while the child played in the same room. The exchange was standardized and consisted of a 7-episode sequence of shifting background conditions (no emotion, friendly, no emotion, angry, no emotion, reconciliation, no emotion). Preoccupation with anger, expressed concern and support-seeking, and accepting of social responsibility (e.g., providing physical or verbal comfort to the mother) were greater in response to background anger than in response to prosocial conditions. The parents' marital adjustment was positively associated with expressed concern and support-seeking by children in response to anger. Form and degree of marital conflict interacted with age and sex in predicting children's response to anger as well. In particular, children whose parents engaged in physical aggressiveness showed increased preoccupation, concern and support-seeking, and social responsibility responses with increasing age. Implications of these findings for the study of the effects of marital discord on children are discussed.
研究了2至5岁儿童对愤怒的成人行为的反应，该反应是父母婚姻困扰报告、父母间言语敌意史以及父母间身体敌意史的函数。当孩子在同一房间玩耍时，一名训练有素的演员与孩子的母亲进行了一场情感表达丰富的言语交流。该交流是标准化的，由7个情节组成，背景条件不断变化（无情绪、友好、无情绪、愤怒、无情绪、和解、无情绪）。与亲社会条件相比，对背景愤怒的反应中，对愤怒的全神贯注、表达关心和寻求支持以及接受社会责任（例如，给母亲提供身体或言语上的安慰）更为强烈。父母的婚姻调适与孩子在愤怒反应中表达关心和寻求支持呈正相关。婚姻冲突的形式和程度在预测孩子对愤怒的反应时也与年龄和性别相互作用。特别是，父母有身体攻击行为的孩子，随着年龄的增长，对愤怒的全神贯注、关心和寻求支持以及社会责任反应会增加。讨论了这些发现对研究婚姻不和对孩子影响的意义。
