Groth Susan W, Stewart Patricia A, Ossip Deborah J, Block Robert C, Wixom Nellie, Fernandez I Diana
J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017 Apr;117(4):589-598. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.11.011. Epub 2017 Jan 5.
Micronutrient intake is critical for fetal development and positive pregnancy outcomes. Little is known about the adequacy of micronutrient intake in pregnant African-American women.
To describe nutrient sufficiency and top food groups contributing to dietary intake of select micronutrients in low-income pregnant African-American women and determine whether micronutrient intake varies with early pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and/or gestational weight gain.
Secondary analysis of data collected in a cohort study of pregnant African-American women.
PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: A total of 93 women aged 18 to 36 years, <20 weeks pregnant, with early pregnancy BMIs ≥18.5 and <40.0. The study was conducted during 2008 to 2012 with participants from university-affiliated obstetrics clinics in an urban setting in the northeastern United States.
Proportion of women with dietary intakes below Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) or Adequate Intake (AI) for vitamin D, folate, iron, calcium, and choline throughout pregnancy. Top food groups from which women derived these micronutrients was also determined.
Descriptive statistics included means, standard deviations, and percentages. Percent of women reaching EAR or AI was calculated. The χ test was used to assess micronutrient intake differences based on early pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain.
A large percentage of pregnant women did not achieve the EAR or AI from dietary sources alone; EAR for folate (66%), vitamin D (100%), iron (89%), and AI for choline (100%). Mean micronutrient intake varied throughout pregnancy. Top food sources included reduced-fat milk, eggs, and mixed egg dishes, pasta dishes, and ready-to-eat cereal.
The majority of study participants had dietary micronutrient intake levels below EAR/AI throughout pregnancy. Findings suggest that practitioners should evaluate dietary adequacy in women to avoid deficits in micronutrient intake during pregnancy. Top food sources of these micronutrients can be considered when assisting women in improving dietary intake.
微量营养素的摄入对胎儿发育和良好的妊娠结局至关重要。关于非裔美国孕妇微量营养素摄入是否充足，人们了解甚少。
描述低收入非裔美国孕妇的营养素充足情况以及对特定微量营养素膳食摄入有贡献的主要食物类别，并确定微量营养素摄入量是否随孕早期体重指数（BMI）和/或孕期体重增加而变化。
对非裔美国孕妇队列研究中收集的数据进行二次分析。
参与者/研究地点：共有93名年龄在18至36岁之间、怀孕<20周、孕早期BMI≥18.5且<40.0的女性。该研究于2008年至2012年期间在美国东北部城市环境中与大学附属产科诊所的参与者共同开展。
整个孕期饮食摄入量低于维生素D、叶酸、铁、钙和胆碱的估计平均需求量（EAR）或适宜摄入量（AI）的女性比例。还确定了女性获取这些微量营养素的主要食物类别。
描述性统计包括均值、标准差和百分比。计算达到EAR或AI的女性百分比。χ检验用于评估基于孕早期BMI和孕期体重增加的微量营养素摄入差异。
很大一部分孕妇仅从饮食来源无法达到EAR或AI；叶酸的EAR（66%）、维生素D（100%）、铁（89%）以及胆碱的AI（100%）。整个孕期微量营养素的平均摄入量有所不同。主要食物来源包括低脂牛奶、鸡蛋、混合蛋类菜肴、面食和即食谷物。
大多数研究参与者在整个孕期的膳食微量营养素摄入量低于EAR/AI。研究结果表明，从业者应评估女性的饮食充足情况，以避免孕期微量营养素摄入不足。在帮助女性改善饮食摄入时，可以考虑这些微量营养素的主要食物来源。
