Image-guided techniques for localizing pulmonary nodules in thoracoscopic surgery.

Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening has increased the detection rate for small pulmonary nodules with ground-glass opacity (GGO) in the peripheral lung parenchyma. Minimally invasive thoracoscopic surgery for these lung nodules is challenging for thoracic surgeons, and image-guided preoperative localization is mandatory for their successful resection. Image-guided localization methods primarily include two imaging tools: computed tomography (CT) and bronchoscopy. These different methods may use different localized materials, including hookwires, dyes, microcoils, fiducial markers, contrast media, and radiotracers. Ultrasonography and near-infrared imaging are also used for intraoperative localization of lung lesions. In this article, we review different localization techniques and discuss their indications and limitations.