Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
South Australian Water Corporation, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
Harmful Algae. 2016 Apr;54:112-127. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.11.008.
Cyanobacteria are one of the principal sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which cause offensive taste and odor (T&O) in drinking and recreational water, fish, shellfish and other seafood. Although non-toxic to humans, these T&O compounds severely undermine public trust in these commodities, resulting in substantial costs in treatment, and lost revenue to drinking water, aquaculture, food and beverage and tourist/hospitality industries. Mitigation and control have been hindered by the complexity of the communities and processes which produce and modify T&O events, making it difficult to source-track the major producer(s) and the factors governing VOC production and fate. Over the past decade, however, advances in bioinformatics, enzymology, and applied detection technologies have greatly enhanced our understanding of the pathways, the enzymes and the genetic coding for some of the most problematic VOCs produced by cyanobacteria. This has led to the development of tools for rapid and sensitive detection and monitoring for the VOC production at source, and provided the basis for further diagnostics of endogenous and exogenous controls. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of the major cyanobacterial VOCs, the producers, the biochemistry and the genetics and highlight the current applications and further research needs in this area.
蓝藻是挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）的主要来源之一，这些化合物会导致饮用水和娱乐水中出现异味和气味（T&O）、鱼类、贝类和其他海鲜出现异味和气味。虽然这些 T&O 化合物对人类无毒，但它们严重破坏了公众对这些商品的信任，导致处理成本大幅增加，饮用水、水产养殖、食品和饮料以及旅游/酒店业的收入损失。由于产生和改变 T&O 事件的群落和过程的复杂性，缓解和控制措施受到了阻碍，因此很难追踪到主要的生产者以及控制 VOC 产生和命运的因素。然而，在过去的十年中，生物信息学、酶学和应用检测技术的进步极大地提高了我们对一些由蓝藻产生的最具问题的 VOC 的途径、酶和遗传编码的理解。这为快速和敏感地检测和监测源头 VOC 生产提供了工具，并为内源和外源控制的进一步诊断提供了基础。本综述概述了主要蓝藻 VOCs、生产者、生物化学和遗传学的现有知识，并强调了该领域的当前应用和进一步研究需求。
