Manganelli Maura, Testai Emanuela, Tazart Zakaria, Scardala Simona, Codd Geoffrey A
Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Environment and Health, viale Regina Elena, 299, 00162 Rome, Italy.
Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, University of Malta, 2080 Msida, Malta.
Microorganisms. 2023 Mar 28;11(4):872. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11040872.
Cyanobacteria commonly form large blooms in waterbodies; they can produce cyanotoxins, with toxic effects on humans and animals, and volatile compounds, causing bad tastes and odors (T&O) at naturally occurring low concentrations. Notwithstanding the large amount of literature on either cyanotoxins or T&O, no review has focused on them at the same time. The present review critically evaluates the recent literature on cyanotoxins and T&O compounds (geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol, β-ionone and β-cyclocitral) to identify research gaps on harmful exposure of humans and animals to both metabolite classes. T&O and cyanotoxins production can be due to the same or common to different cyanobacterial species/strains, with the additional possibility of T&O production by non-cyanobacterial species. The few environmental studies on the co-occurrence of these two groups of metabolites are not sufficient to understand if and how they can co-vary, or influence each other, perhaps stimulating cyanotoxin production. Therefore, T&Os cannot reliably serve as early warning surrogates for cyanotoxins. The scarce data on T&O toxicity seem to indicate a low health risk (but the inhalation of β-cyclocitral deserves more study). However, no data are available on the effects of combined exposure to mixtures of cyanotoxins and T&O compounds and to combinations of T&O compounds; therefore, whether the co-occurrence of cyanotoxins and T&O compounds is a health issue remains an open question.
蓝藻细菌通常在水体中大量繁殖形成水华；它们能产生对人类和动物具有毒性作用的蓝藻毒素，以及在自然产生的低浓度下会导致不良味道和气味（T&O）的挥发性化合物。尽管有大量关于蓝藻毒素或T&O的文献，但尚无综述同时关注这两者。本综述批判性地评估了关于蓝藻毒素和T&O化合物（土臭素、2-甲基异莰醇、β-紫罗兰酮和β-环柠檬醛）的最新文献，以确定人类和动物在有害暴露于这两类代谢物方面的研究空白。T&O和蓝藻毒素的产生可能归因于相同或不同的蓝藻物种/菌株，非蓝藻物种也有产生T&O的可能性。关于这两类代谢物同时出现的少数环境研究不足以了解它们是否以及如何共同变化或相互影响，也许还会刺激蓝藻毒素的产生。因此，T&O不能可靠地作为蓝藻毒素的早期预警替代指标。关于T&O毒性的稀缺数据似乎表明健康风险较低（但吸入β-环柠檬醛值得更多研究）。然而，目前尚无关于同时接触蓝藻毒素和T&O化合物混合物以及T&O化合物组合的影响的数据；因此，蓝藻毒素和T&O化合物同时出现是否构成健康问题仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。
