Hermann Sara L, Xue Saisi, Rowe Logan, Davidson-Lowe Elizabeth, Myers Andrew, Eshchanov Bahodir, Bahlai Christie A
Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16803, USA.
Biomass Conversion Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
R Soc Open Sci. 2016 Dec 14;3(12):160712. doi: 10.1098/rsos.160712. eCollection 2016 Dec.
The timing of events in the life history of temperate insects is most typically primarily cued by one of two drivers: photoperiod or temperature accumulation over the growing season. However, an insect's phenology can also be moderated by other drivers like rainfall or the phenology of its host plants. When multiple drivers of phenology interact, there is greater potential for phenological asynchronies to arise between an organism and those with which it interacts. We examined the phenological patterns of a highly seasonal group of fireflies ( spp., predominantly ) over a 12-year period (2004-2015) across 10 plant communities to determine whether interacting drivers could explain the variability observed in the adult flight activity density (i.e. mating season) of this species. We found that temperature accumulation was the primary driver of phenology, with activity peaks usually occurring at a temperature accumulation of approximately 800 degree days (base 10°C); however, our model found this peak varied by nearly 180 degree-day units among years. This variation could be explained by a quadratic relationship with the accumulation of precipitation in the growing season; in years with either high or low precipitation extremes at our study site, flight activity was delayed. More fireflies were captured in general in herbaceous plant communities with minimal soil disturbance (alfalfa and no-till field crop rotations), but only weak interactions occurred between within-season responses to climatic variables and plant community. The interaction we observed between temperature and precipitation accumulation suggests that, although climate warming has the potential to disrupt phenology of many organisms, changes to regional precipitation patterns can magnify these disruptions.
光周期或生长季节的温度积累。然而，昆虫的物候也可能受到其他因素的调节，如降雨或其寄主植物的物候。当物候的多个驱动因素相互作用时，生物体与其相互作用的生物之间出现物候异步的可能性就更大。我们在12年期间（2004 - 2015年）对10个植物群落中一组高度季节性的萤火虫（主要是 属）的物候模式进行了研究，以确定相互作用的驱动因素是否能够解释该物种成虫飞行活动密度（即交配季节）中观察到的变异性。我们发现温度积累是物候的主要驱动因素，活动高峰通常出现在温度积累约800度日（基数10°C）时；然而，我们的模型发现这个高峰在不同年份之间变化近180度日单位。这种变化可以用与生长季节降水量积累的二次关系来解释；在我们研究地点降水量极端高或低的年份，飞行活动会延迟。总体而言，在土壤扰动最小的草本植物群落（苜蓿和免耕农田轮作）中捕获到的萤火虫更多，但季节内对气候变量的响应与植物群落之间只发生了微弱的相互作用。我们观察到的温度和降水量积累之间的相互作用表明，尽管气候变暖有可能扰乱许多生物的物候，但区域降水模式的变化会放大这些干扰。
