Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
Microbiol Spectr. 2016 Dec;4(6). doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0046-2016.
The aim of this review is to provide a coherent framework for understanding dendritic cells (DCs). It has seven sections. The introduction provides an overview of the immune system and essential concepts, particularly for the nonspecialist reader. Next, the "History" section outlines the early evolution of ideas about DCs and highlights some sources of confusion that still exist today. The "Lineages" section then focuses on five different populations of DCs: two subsets of "classical" DCs, plasmacytoid DCs, monocyte-derived DCs, and Langerhans cells. It highlights some cellular and molecular specializations of each, and also notes other DC subsets that have been proposed. The following "Tissues" section discusses the distribution and behavior of different DC subsets within nonlymphoid and secondary lymphoid tissues that are connected by DC migration pathways between them. In the "Tolerance" section, the role of DCs in central and peripheral tolerance is considered, including their ability to drive the differentiation of different populations of regulatory T cells. In contrast, the "Immunity" section considers the roles of DCs in sensing of infection and tissue damage, the initiation of primary responses, the T-cell effector phase, and the induction of immunological memory. The concluding section provides some speculative ideas about the evolution of DCs. It also revisits earlier concepts of generation of diversity and clonal selection in terms of DCs driving the evolution of T-cell responses. Throughout, this review highlights certain areas of uncertainty and suggests some avenues for future investigation.
本文旨在为理解树突状细胞（DC）提供一个连贯的框架。全文共分为七个部分。引言部分概述了免疫系统和基本概念，旨在为非专业读者提供参考。接下来的“历史”部分概述了关于 DC 的早期观念演变，并强调了当今仍存在的一些混淆来源。“谱系”部分重点介绍了五种不同的 DC 群体：两种“经典”DC 亚群、浆细胞样 DC、单核细胞衍生的 DC 和朗格汉斯细胞。该部分突出了每种细胞的一些细胞和分子特征，并指出了其他被提议的 DC 亚群。接下来的“组织”部分讨论了不同 DC 亚群在非淋巴组织和次级淋巴组织中的分布和行为，这些组织通过 DC 迁移途径相互连接。在“耐受”部分，考虑了 DC 在中枢和外周耐受中的作用，包括它们驱动不同调节性 T 细胞群体分化的能力。相比之下，“免疫”部分考虑了 DC 在感染和组织损伤的感知、初始反应的启动、T 细胞效应阶段以及免疫记忆的诱导中的作用。结论部分提供了一些关于 DC 进化的推测性想法。它还根据 DC 驱动 T 细胞反应进化的观点，重新审视了早期多样性生成和克隆选择的概念。整篇综述强调了某些不确定领域，并提出了一些未来研究的方向。
