Thompson Margaret E, Noel Mary Barth
Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Secchia Center 15 Michigan St NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503.
Michigan State University College of Human Medicine Department of Family Medicine Clinical Center, 788 Service Rd #B104B, East Lansing, MI 48824-7046.
FP Essent. 2017 Jan;452:26-30.
Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and dietary fibers. Resistant starches resemble fiber in their behavior in the intestinal tract, and may have positive effects on blood glucose levels and the gut microbiome. Fibers are classified as soluble and insoluble, but most fiber-containing foods contain a mixture of soluble and insoluble fiber. Soluble fiber has been shown to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Many artificial sweeteners and other sugar substitutes are available. Most natural sources of sweeteners also are energy sources. Many artificial sweeteners contain no kilocalories in the amounts typically used. Sugar alcohols may have a laxative effect when consumed in large amounts. Glycemic index and glycemic load are measurements that help quantify serum glucose response after ingestion of particular foods. These measurements may be affected by the combination of foods consumed in a given meal, and the glycemic index may vary among individuals eating the same meal. Eating foods with a low glycemic index may help prevent development of type 2 diabetes. There is no definitive evidence to recommend low-carbohydrate diets over low-fat diets for long-term weight loss; they are equally effective.
碳水化合物包括糖、淀粉和膳食纤维。抗性淀粉在肠道中的行为类似于纤维，可能对血糖水平和肠道微生物群有积极影响。纤维分为可溶纤维和不可溶纤维，但大多数含纤维的食物都含有可溶纤维和不可溶纤维的混合物。已证明可溶纤维能降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平。有许多人工甜味剂和其他糖替代品。大多数天然甜味剂来源也是能量来源。许多人工甜味剂在通常使用的量中不含千卡热量。大量食用糖醇可能会有通便作用。血糖生成指数和血糖负荷是有助于量化摄入特定食物后血清葡萄糖反应的测量指标。这些测量可能会受到特定餐食中所食用食物组合的影响，并且同一餐食的个体之间血糖生成指数可能会有所不同。食用低血糖生成指数的食物可能有助于预防2型糖尿病的发生。没有确凿证据表明在长期减肥方面低碳水化合物饮食优于低脂饮食；它们同样有效。
