Cantarero-Arévalo Lourdes, Hallas Mia Pavelics, Kaae Susanne
Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Int J Pharm Pract. 2017 Feb;25(1):31-49. doi: 10.1111/ijpp.12337.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasing global problem. AMR threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics (AB) is the major contributor to the emergence of resistant bacteria in humans. To present and describe characteristics in parents' knowledge about when and how to use AB for an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), their attitudes towards doctors and AB use in general, and their behaviour when their child suffers from an URTI.
The database search was conducted in EMBASE and PubMed for articles published in English, French, Spanish and Scandinavian languages from the inception until May 2016. Qualitative and quantitative studies with focus on parent' knowledge, attitude and behaviour concerning treatment with AB for URTIs among children and adolescents were included. Extracted information included date of study, design, focus, location and population, parental knowledge, attitudes and behaviours regarding paediatric AB use and parental socioeconomic and sociodemographic characteristics. Parental knowledge about the causes of URTIs and when to use AB, education and parental and children's age affect attitudes and behaviours. However, good level of knowledge about AB (when and how to use it), often correlated with living in a Western country and belonging to high socioeconomic position, does not always imply judicious use of AB for URTIs among children. Providing parents with a contingency plan and clarifications on why an AB is not needed for common colds improves parental satisfaction with their physicians.
Evidence gathered from 20 countries from studies published in the last 20 years shows that parental knowledge still plays a major role in when and how to use AB for URTIs among children. However, parents are not disappointed if the physician does not prescribe AB, provided that proper explanations and a contingency plan are given.
抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）是一个日益严重的全球性问题。AMR威胁着对细菌、寄生虫、病毒和真菌引起的越来越多感染的有效预防和治疗。抗生素（AB）的滥用和过度使用是人类中耐药菌出现的主要原因。呈现并描述父母关于何时以及如何使用AB治疗上呼吸道感染（URTI）的知识特征、他们对医生和AB总体使用的态度，以及他们孩子患URTI时的行为。
在EMBASE和PubMed数据库中进行检索，查找自数据库建立至2016年5月以英文、法文、西班牙文和斯堪的纳维亚语言发表的文章。纳入了聚焦于儿童和青少年中父母关于AB治疗URTI的知识、态度和行为的定性和定量研究。提取的信息包括研究日期、设计、重点、地点和人群、父母关于儿科AB使用的知识、态度和行为，以及父母的社会经济和社会人口学特征。父母关于URTI病因和何时使用AB的知识、教育程度以及父母和孩子的年龄会影响态度和行为。然而，对AB（何时以及如何使用）有良好的了解水平，这通常与生活在西方国家且属于高社会经济地位相关，但并不总是意味着在儿童URTI中明智地使用AB。为父母提供应急计划并阐明为什么普通感冒不需要使用AB可提高父母对医生的满意度。
从过去20年发表的来自20个国家的研究中收集的证据表明，父母的知识在儿童URTI中何时以及如何使用AB方面仍然起着重要作用。然而，如果医生不开具AB，但能给出恰当的解释和应急计划，父母不会感到失望。
