Best Aaron A, Porter Amanda L, Fraley Susan M, Fraley Gregory S
Department of Biology, Hope College Holland, MI, USA.
Department of Biology, Hope CollegeHolland, MI, USA; South Crossing Veterinary CenterCaledonia, MI, USA.
Front Microbiol. 2017 Jan 4;7:2125. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02125. eCollection 2016.
Little to no research has been conducted on the gut microbiome of the Pekin duck, yet over 24.5 million ducks are raised for human consumption each year in the United States alone. Knowledge of the microbiome could lead to an understanding of the effects of growing conditions such as the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and enzymes in feeding practices, the use of antibiotics, and the sources of pathogenic bacteria in diseased ducks. In order to characterize changes in the caecal microbiome that occur as ducks develop through a typical industry grow-out period, a 16S rRNA community analysis of caecal contents collected over a 6-week period was conducted using a next generation sequencing approach. Transitions in the composition of the caecal microbiome occurred throughout the lifespan, with a large shift during days 4 through 10 posthatch. Two major phyla of bacteria were found to be present within the caeca of aviary raised ducks, with the relative abundance of each phylum varying by age of the duck. Proteobacteria is dominant for the first 3 days of age, and Firmicutes increases and dominates beginning at day 4. Barn raised ducks contained a significant population of Bacteroidetes in addition to Proteobacteria and Firmicutes at later developmental time points, though this phylum was absent in aviary raised ducks. Genera containing pathogens of anseriformes most often found in industry settings were either absent or found as normal parts of the caecal microbial populations. The high level differences in phylum abundance highlight the importance of well-designed sampling strategies for microbiome based studies. Results showed clear distinctions between Pekin Duck caecal contents and those of Broiler Chickens and Turkey in a qualitative comparison. These data provide a reference point for studies of the Pekin Duck through industry grow-out ages, provide a foundation for understanding the types of bacteria that promote health, and may lead to improved methods to increase yields and decrease instances of disease in agricultural production processes.
针对北京鸭的肠道微生物群，几乎没有开展相关研究，然而仅在美国，每年就有超过2450万只鸭子被饲养以供人类食用。了解微生物群有助于理解生长条件的影响，比如饲养过程中使用益生元、益生菌和酶，使用抗生素以及患病鸭子中病原菌的来源。为了描述北京鸭在典型的产业育肥期发育过程中盲肠微生物群的变化，采用下一代测序方法对6周内收集的盲肠内容物进行了16S rRNA群落分析。盲肠微生物群的组成在整个生命周期中都发生了变化，在孵化后第4天到第10天出现了大幅转变。在笼养鸭子的盲肠中发现了两个主要的细菌门类，每个门类的相对丰度随鸭子年龄而变化。变形菌门在鸭子出生后的前3天占主导地位，而厚壁菌门从第4天开始增加并占据主导地位。在后期发育阶段，棚养鸭子除了含有变形菌门和厚壁菌门外，还含有大量拟杆菌门，不过笼养鸭子中没有这个门类。在产业环境中最常发现的含有鸭形目病原体的属要么不存在，要么作为盲肠微生物种群的正常组成部分被发现。门类丰度的高度差异凸显了精心设计的基于微生物群研究的采样策略的重要性。定性比较结果显示北京鸭盲肠内容物与肉鸡和火鸡的盲肠内容物有明显区别。这些数据为北京鸭在产业育肥期的研究提供了参考点，为理解促进健康的细菌类型奠定了基础，并可能带来提高农业生产过程产量和减少疾病发生率的改进方法。
