Southard D, Miracle A, Landwer G
Department of Physical Education and Anthropology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth 76129.
J Sports Sci. 1989 Summer;7(2):163-73. doi: 10.1080/02640418908729834.
The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and effect of certain highly patterned behaviours utilized prior to free-throw shooting in basketball. Ten female basketball players comprising the varsity squad of Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA served as subjects for this study. Subjects were filmed with a high-speed camera and monitored for heart rate during the performance of 10 free throws in each of two conditions: ritual and non-ritual. For the ritual condition, subjects were given unlimited time and freedom of movement prior to each free-throw attempt. For the non-ritual condition, subjects were not restricted by time, but were instructed to shoot the ball without utilizing any movements other than those required to project the ball to the goal. Dependent measures were characteristics of behaviours, physiological changes measured by heart rates, mechanical data (speed, height and angle of release), and number of successful attempts. Condition x trials analyses of variance and low standard deviation concerning characteristics of behaviours indicated that the idiosyncratic behaviours prior to free-throw shooting were rituals of the auto-communicative type. Results indicated no significant difference between conditions for free-throw success. However, partial correlation between dependent measures and successful free-throw attempts indicated that duration of behaviours was most crucial to free-throw shooting success.
本研究的目的是确定在篮球罚球前使用的某些高度模式化行为的性质和影响。来自美国得克萨斯州沃思堡市德克萨斯基督教大学校队的10名女子篮球运动员担任本研究的受试者。在两种情况下，即有仪式动作和无仪式动作的情况下，受试者在进行10次罚球时用高速摄像机拍摄并监测心率。在有仪式动作的情况下，在每次罚球尝试前，受试者有无限的时间和行动自由。在无仪式动作的情况下，受试者不受时间限制，但被指示除了将球投向篮筐所需的动作外，不使用任何其他动作。因变量包括行为特征、通过心率测量的生理变化、机械数据（速度、出手高度和角度）以及成功罚球的次数。关于行为特征的条件x试验方差分析和低标准差表明，罚球前的特质行为是自我交流型的仪式动作。结果表明，两种情况下罚球成功率没有显著差异。然而，因变量与成功罚球尝试之间的偏相关表明，行为持续时间对罚球成功最为关键。
