Southard D, Miracle A
Department of Physical Education, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth.
Res Q Exerc Sport. 1993 Sep;64(3):284-90. doi: 10.1080/02701367.1993.10608812.
The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of timing during an auto-communicative ritual to successful performance. Eight members of a university varsity basketball team served as subjects for this study. Each subject performed 15 free throws in each of four different conditions. Condition 1 required subjects to use their standard free throw ritual prior to shooting. Condition 2 required subjects to maintain the relative timing of ritual behaviors but reduce the absolute time of the ritual by one-half. Condition 3 required that relative timing be maintained but that the absolute time of the ritual be doubled. Condition 4 required the same behaviors and the same absolute time as the standard ritual but that the relative time of the ritual be altered. Data were collected with a 16-mm high-speed camera. Types of behaviors, timing aspects of the ritual, successful attempts, and shot mechanics were dependent measures. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of dependent measures and Fisher's scores from correlation coefficients of dependent measures indicate that relative timing of behaviors (rhythmicity) is more important to success than the absolute time of rituals. Behaviors most important to free throw success are those that may be totally controlled by the subject and yet remain stable with changing conditions.
本研究的目的是确定在自动交流仪式中时机对于成功表现的重要性。一所大学大学代表队的八名篮球队员作为本研究的受试者。每位受试者在四种不同条件下各进行15次罚球。条件1要求受试者在投篮前使用他们标准的罚球仪式。条件2要求受试者保持仪式行为的相对时间，但将仪式的绝对时间减半。条件3要求保持相对时间，但将仪式的绝对时间加倍。条件4要求与标准仪式有相同的行为和相同的绝对时间，但改变仪式的相对时间。数据通过一台16毫米高速摄像机收集。行为类型、仪式的时间方面、成功的尝试次数和投篮技巧是因变量。对因变量的方差分析（ANOVA）以及因变量相关系数的费舍尔分数表明，行为的相对时间（节奏性）对成功比仪式的绝对时间更重要。对罚球成功最重要的行为是那些可能完全由受试者控制且在变化的条件下仍保持稳定的行为。
