Young J R, Suon S, Olmo L, Bun C, Hok C, Ashley K, Bush R D, Windsor P A
Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia.
Department of Animal Health and Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
Transbound Emerg Dis. 2017 Dec;64(6):2000-2012. doi: 10.1111/tbed.12609. Epub 2017 Jan 24.
In Cambodia, the majority of the population is rural and reliant on subsistence agriculture, with cattle raised by smallholder farmers using traditional practices, resulting in low productivity and vulnerability to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). As FMD causes deleterious impacts on rural livelihoods, known FMD risk factors were reviewed, using knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) surveys of smallholders (n = 240) from four regions. The study aimed to understand current biosecurity threats to smallholder livelihoods and investigate the hypothesis that smallholder farmers practising FMD risk management should be associated with higher incomes from cattle. Descriptive data were examined to demonstrate trends in KAP and a multivariable linear regression model developed to identify cattle income predictors. Results showed that baseline mean knowledge scores were low at 28.4% across all regions and basic biosecurity practices, including quarantine of new cattle, isolation of sick cattle and FMD vaccination, were lacking. As farmers purchase and sell cattle from and to various administration levels (including export), there is high risk of FMD transmission into and from smallholder communities. The final multivariable linear regression model identified significant explanatory parameters for annual cattle income, including region, number of calves born, forage plot size (ha), vaccination of cattle and the number of cattle purchased (F pr. < 0.001, R = 29.9). Individual biosecurity practices including FMD vaccination were not significant predictors of income. With the current focus of farmers on treatment of FMD with inappropriate antibiotics leading to potential anti-microbial residue issues, yet receptivity to payment for vaccine in most regions, there is an urgent need for a coordinated national biosecurity and FMD management public awareness campaign. Further, to enhance the association between improved cattle health and rural livelihoods, it is recommended that livestock development programmes implement a systems approach to enhance farmer KAP in biosecurity, nutrition, reproduction and marketing of cattle.
在柬埔寨，大部分人口居住在农村，依赖自给农业，小农户采用传统方式饲养牲畜，导致生产力低下且易感染口蹄疫（FMD）。由于口蹄疫对农村生计造成有害影响，我们通过对来自四个地区的小农户（n = 240）进行知识、态度和行为（KAP）调查，对已知的口蹄疫风险因素进行了审查。该研究旨在了解当前对小农户生计的生物安全威胁，并调查这样一种假设，即实施口蹄疫风险管理的小农户应能从养牛中获得更高收入。我们检查了描述性数据以展示KAP趋势，并建立了一个多变量线性回归模型来确定养牛收入的预测因素。结果表明，所有地区的基线平均知识得分较低，为28.4%，并且缺乏包括新购入牲畜检疫、病畜隔离和口蹄疫疫苗接种在内的基本生物安全措施。由于农民在不同行政级别（包括出口）之间买卖牲畜，口蹄疫传入和传出小农户社区的风险很高。最终的多变量线性回归模型确定了年度养牛收入的重要解释参数，包括地区、出生犊牛数量、饲料地面积（公顷）、牛的疫苗接种情况以及购入牛的数量（F检验 < 0.001，R = 29.9）。包括口蹄疫疫苗接种在内的个体生物安全措施并不是收入的显著预测因素。鉴于目前农民使用不适当抗生素治疗口蹄疫导致潜在抗菌残留问题，而大多数地区又愿意为疫苗付费，迫切需要开展全国性的生物安全和口蹄疫管理公众宣传协调活动。此外，为加强改善牛的健康状况与农村生计之间的关联，建议畜牧发展计划采用系统方法来提高农民在生物安全、营养、繁殖和牛的销售方面的KAP。
