Sieng Socheat, Patrick Ian Walter, Windsor Peter Andrew, Walkden-Brown Stephen William, Sar Chetra, Smith Robert Geoffrey Beaumount, Kong Reatrey
General Department of Animal Health and Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022 Jul;69(4):1983-1998. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14182. Epub 2021 Jun 17.
Food-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Cambodia. The control programme for FMD has relied on vaccination, with poor vaccination uptake by smallholder farmers becoming an increasing concern. A study to improve the understanding of farmer knowledge, attitudes and practices of FMD control and vaccination was conducted in two Cambodian provinces (Kampong Cham and Pursat). The aim was to identify opportunities to improve the livestock disease control programmes provided by both the government and private sectors. The survey comprised 300 smallholder farmers using a one-on-one interview technique and was completed between January to February 2014. Results identified that over two-thirds of the respondent farmers had not vaccinated their cattle over 2 years (2011-2013). Of those who did, most cattle were vaccinated either once a year or once every 3 years. A booster had never been administered. It was concluded that the FMD vaccine had only been administered through an unreliable and limited government vaccination programme, and private FMD vaccination services were not accessed in the study areas. FMD outbreaks occurred every year during the study period, with a morbidity rate of over 30%. Isolation of first infected cattle from the household herd was not practiced, with treatment identified as the first preference intervention. Farmers often assisted other farmers to restrain and treat infected cattle both before (57%) and after (43%) their own cattle were infected. This indicated that most farmers did not practice basic biosecurity measures and chose to report FMD outbreaks to the village animal health workers (VAHW), friends, neighbours and relatives in preference to government officials. It was concluded that poor knowledge of disease transmission and biosecurity, with low FMD vaccination coverage and a focus on treatment, contribute to regular FMD outbreaks in these communities. Improvement of FMD control requires the cooperation of villagers, VAHWs and village leaders in disease reporting, with either improved funding of government vaccination services or establishing a private FMD vaccination service. Training programmes for farmers on disease transmission, and the importance of biosecurity and vaccination, including information on the cost-benefits of treatment versus full fee bi-annual FMD vaccination, are required.
口蹄疫在柬埔寨呈地方流行状态。口蹄疫防控计划一直依赖疫苗接种，但小农户对接种疫苗的接受度较低，这一问题日益受到关注。在柬埔寨的两个省份（磅湛省和菩萨省）开展了一项研究，以增进对农民在口蹄疫防控和疫苗接种方面的知识、态度及做法的了解。目的是找出改善政府和私营部门所提供的牲畜疾病防控计划的机会。该调查采用一对一访谈技术，涵盖300名小农户，并于2014年1月至2月完成。结果表明，超过三分之二的受访农户在过去两年（2011 - 2013年）未给其牛群接种疫苗。接种过疫苗的农户中，大多数牛每年接种一次或每三年接种一次。从未进行过加强免疫。研究得出结论，口蹄疫疫苗仅通过不可靠且有限的政府疫苗接种计划进行接种，研究区域内未利用私营口蹄疫疫苗接种服务。在研究期间，每年都发生口蹄疫疫情，发病率超过30%。未实行将首例感染牛与家庭牛群隔离的措施，治疗被确定为首选干预措施。在自家牛感染之前（57%）和之后（43%），农民经常协助其他农民控制和治疗感染的牛。这表明大多数农民未采取基本生物安全措施，且更倾向于向村级动物卫生工作者、朋友、邻居和亲戚报告口蹄疫疫情，而非政府官员。研究得出结论，对疾病传播和生物安全知识的匮乏、口蹄疫疫苗接种覆盖率低以及对治疗的侧重，导致这些社区口蹄疫疫情频发。改善口蹄疫防控需要村民、村级动物卫生工作者和村领导在疾病报告方面的合作，可以通过增加政府疫苗接种服务资金或建立私营口蹄疫疫苗接种服务来实现。需要为农民开展关于疾病传播、生物安全和疫苗接种重要性的培训项目，包括治疗与全额付费半年一次口蹄疫疫苗接种成本效益的信息。
