Pitzer Martina, Esser Guenter, Schmidt Martin H, Hohm Erika, Banaschewski Tobias, Laucht Manfred
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Karlsruhe, Suedliche Hildapromenade 7, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical PsychologyUniversity of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2017 May;124(5):631-641. doi: 10.1007/s00702-017-1682-2. Epub 2017 Jan 25.
Child temperament as well as parenting behaviors have been linked to adolescent depression. Beyond their main effects, the interplay between these factors is of interest. For example, in an interactive model, a differential susceptibility of temperamental variants to parenting has been suggested. However, so far, the differential susceptibility hypothesis has mostly been studied with a focus on externalizing disorders. On the other hand, parenting may shape the child's temperament and vice versa in a transactional process. In a prospective, longitudinal at-risk sample (163 boys, 176 girls), we assessed emotional (easy-difficult) and regulative (self-control) temperament at ages 4.5, and 8 years, respectively, as well as parenting quality at age 4.5 years using the HOME inventory. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to investigate the prediction of depressive symptoms at age 11, measured by the Child Depression Inventory, including interaction terms between the temperament variable and parenting. We additionally tested whether parenting was mediated by child temperament. As previously reported, both self-control and parenting were longitudinally associated with preadolescent depressive symptoms. There were no interactive effects between temperament and parenting. However, the effects of parenting were partly mediated by self-control. Our data do not support a differential susceptibility of temperamental variants in the development of preadolescent depression. However, our results are in line with the assumption that parenting may shape young children's temperament, with positive parenting in the early childhood fostering the development of regulative temperament.
儿童气质以及养育行为都与青少年抑郁症有关。除了它们的主要影响外，这些因素之间的相互作用也很值得关注。例如，在一个交互模型中，有人提出气质变体对养育方式存在差异易感性。然而，到目前为止，差异易感性假说大多是围绕外化障碍进行研究的。另一方面，养育方式可能会在一个相互作用的过程中塑造孩子的气质，反之亦然。在一个前瞻性、纵向的高危样本（163名男孩，176名女孩）中，我们分别在4.5岁和8岁时评估了情绪（易养型-难养型）和调节性（自我控制）气质，并在4.5岁时使用家庭环境量表（HOME）评估了养育质量。采用分层线性回归分析来研究11岁时抑郁症状的预测情况，抑郁症状通过儿童抑郁量表进行测量，包括气质变量和养育方式之间的交互项。我们还测试了养育方式是否由儿童气质介导。如先前报道，自我控制和养育方式都与青春期前的抑郁症状存在纵向关联。气质和养育方式之间没有交互作用。然而，养育方式的影响部分由自我控制介导。我们的数据不支持气质变体在青春期前抑郁症发展过程中存在差异易感性这一观点。然而，我们的结果与这样一种假设相符，即养育方式可能会塑造幼儿的气质，幼儿期积极的养育方式有助于调节性气质的发展。
