Cavallari Marco, De Libero Gennaro
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
Vaccines (Basel). 2017 Jan 27;5(1):4. doi: 10.3390/vaccines5010004.
Polysaccharides (PS) are present in the outermost surface of bacteria and readily come in contact with immune cells. They interact with specific antibodies, which in turn confer protection from infections. Vaccines with PS from pneumococci, meningococci, type b, and may be protective, although with the important constraint of failing to generate permanent immunological memory. This limitation has in part been circumvented by conjugating glycovaccines to proteins that stimulate T helper cells and facilitate the establishment of immunological memory. Currently, protection evoked by conjugated PS vaccines lasts for a few years. The same approach failed with PS from staphylococci, , and . All those germs cause severe infections in humans and often develop resistance to antibiotic therapy. Thereby, prevention is of increasing importance to better control outbreaks. As only 23 of more than 90 pneumococcal serotypes and 4 of 13 clinically relevant serogroups are covered by available vaccines there is still tremendous clinical need for PS vaccines. This review focuses on glycovaccines and the immunological mechanisms for their success or failure. We discuss recent advances that may facilitate generation of high affinity anti-PS antibodies and confer specific immunity and long-lasting protection.
多糖（PS）存在于细菌的最外层表面，很容易与免疫细胞接触。它们与特定抗体相互作用，进而提供抗感染保护。来自肺炎球菌、b型脑膜炎球菌等的多糖疫苗可能具有保护作用，尽管存在无法产生永久性免疫记忆这一重要限制。通过将糖疫苗与刺激辅助性T细胞并促进免疫记忆建立的蛋白质结合，这一局限性在一定程度上得到了克服。目前，结合型PS疫苗所引发的保护作用持续数年。同样的方法对来自葡萄球菌等的PS疫苗无效。所有这些病菌都会在人类中引起严重感染，并且常常对抗生素治疗产生耐药性。因此，预防对于更好地控制疫情变得越来越重要。由于现有疫苗仅覆盖90多种肺炎球菌血清型中的23种以及13种临床相关血清群中的4种，对PS疫苗仍有巨大的临床需求。本综述重点关注糖疫苗及其成功或失败的免疫机制。我们讨论了近期可能有助于产生高亲和力抗PS抗体并赋予特异性免疫和持久保护的进展。
