Martin Adrian, Gross-Camp Nicole, Kebede Bereket, McGuire Shawn
University of East Anglia, School of International Development, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
Glob Environ Change. 2014 Sep;28:216-226. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.07.003.
There is currently a considerable effort to evaluate the performance of Payments for Ecosystem Services as an environmental management tool. The research presented here contributes to this work by using an experimental design to evaluate Payments for Ecosystem Services as a tool for supporting biodiversity conservation in the context of an African protected area. The trial employed a 'before and after' and 'with and without' design. We present the results of social and ecological surveys to investigate the impacts of the trial in terms of its effectiveness, efficiency and equity. We find the scheme to be effective at bringing about additional conservation outcomes. However, we also found that increased monitoring is similarly effective in the short term, at lower cost. The major difference - and arguably the significant contribution of the Payments for Ecosystem Services - was that it changed the motives for protecting the park and improved local perceptions both of the park and its authority. We discuss the implications of these results for conservation efficiency, arguing that efficiency should not be defined in terms of short-term cost-effectiveness, but also in terms of the sustainability of behavioral motives in the long term. This insight helps us to resolve the apparent trade-off between goals of equity and efficiency in Payments for Ecosystem Services.
目前，人们正在付出巨大努力来评估生态系统服务付费作为一种环境管理工具的绩效。本文所呈现的研究通过采用实验设计来评估生态系统服务付费，将其作为在非洲保护区背景下支持生物多样性保护的一种工具，从而为这项工作做出了贡献。该试验采用了“前后对比”和“有无对比”的设计。我们展示了社会和生态调查的结果，以从有效性、效率和公平性方面研究该试验的影响。我们发现该方案在带来额外的保护成果方面是有效的。然而，我们也发现增加监测在短期内同样有效，且成本更低。主要的差异——可以说也是生态系统服务付费的重大贡献——在于它改变了保护公园的动机，并改善了当地对公园及其管理部门的看法。我们讨论了这些结果对保护效率的影响，认为效率不应仅根据短期成本效益来定义，还应从长期行为动机的可持续性方面来定义。这一见解有助于我们解决生态系统服务付费中公平与效率目标之间明显的权衡问题。
