Maliasili Initiatives, P.O. Box 8372, Arusha, Tanzania.
Conserv Biol. 2010 Feb;24(1):78-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01393.x.
Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are an increasingly promoted approach to conservation. These approaches seek to develop financial mechanisms that create economic incentives for the maintenance of ecosystems and associated biodiversity by rewarding those who are responsible for provision of ecological services. There are, however, few cases in which such schemes have been used as a strategy for conserving wildlife in developing countries and very few operational examples of such schemes of any sort in sub-Saharan Africa. In savannah ecosystems, large mammal populations generally depend on seasonal use of extensive areas and are widely declining as a result of habitat loss, overexploitation, and policies that limit local benefits from wildlife. Community-based conservation strategies seek to create local incentives for conserving wildlife, but often have limited impact as a result of persistent institutional barriers that limit local rights and economic benefits. In northern Tanzania, a consortium of tourism operators is attempting to address these challenges through an agreement with a village that possesses part of a key wildlife dispersal area outside Tarangire National Park. The operators pay the community to enforce voluntary restrictions on agricultural cultivation and permanent settlement in a defined area of land. The initiative represents a potentially cost-effective framework for community-based conservation in an ecologically important area and is helping to reconcile historically conflicting local and national interests relative to land tenure, pastoralist livelihoods, and conservation. Wider adaptation of payments for ecosystem services approaches to settings where sustaining wildlife populations depends on local stewardship may help address current challenges facing conservation outside state-protected areas in savannah ecosystems in sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of the world.
生态系统服务付费（PES）是一种日益受到推崇的保护方法。这些方法旨在通过奖励那些负责提供生态服务的人，开发出金融机制，为维护生态系统和相关生物多样性创造经济激励。然而，在发展中国家，很少有将这些计划用作保护野生动物的战略的案例，在撒哈拉以南非洲，也很少有任何形式的此类计划的运作案例。在稀树草原生态系统中，大型哺乳动物种群通常依赖于广泛地区的季节性利用，由于栖息地丧失、过度开发以及限制野生动物给当地带来利益的政策，这些种群正在广泛减少。基于社区的保护战略旨在为保护野生动物创造当地激励，但由于持久的体制障碍限制了当地权利和经济利益，往往影响有限。在坦桑尼亚北部，一个旅游经营者联盟正在通过与一个拥有塔兰吉雷国家公园外一个关键野生动物扩散区部分土地的村庄达成协议，来应对这些挑战。经营者向社区支付费用，以强制限制在指定土地范围内的农业耕种和永久性定居。这一举措代表了在一个具有生态重要性的地区，基于社区的保护的一个潜在具有成本效益的框架，有助于调和在土地保有权、牧民生计和保护方面长期存在的地方和国家利益冲突。在维持野生动物种群依赖于当地管理的情况下，更广泛地采用生态系统服务付费方法，可能有助于解决撒哈拉以南非洲和世界其他地区的国家保护区以外的保护所面临的当前挑战。
