Wesp Linda M, Deutsch Madeline B
College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1921 E. Hartford Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
Department of Family & Community Medicine, Center of Excellence for Transgender Health, University of California - San Francisco, 2356 Sutter Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2017 Mar;40(1):99-111. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2016.10.006. Epub 2016 Dec 22.
Transgender women and other transfeminine spectrum people may pursue hormonal and/or surgical gender-affirming interventions. Hormone therapy includes androgen blockade and estrogen supplementation. Approaches to hormone treatment vary widely based on patient goals and physiology. Surgical procedures are available, including genital affirmation surgery, breast augmentation, and head or neck feminization procedures. Many people are unable to obtain surgeries owing to prohibitive costs and long waiting lists. Hormonal and surgical therapies improve quality of life and mental health with minimal adverse effects. Ongoing research is needed to improve understanding about specific risks of hormone therapy and surgical outcomes.
跨性别女性和其他跨女性谱系人群可能会寻求激素和/或手术性别确认干预措施。激素疗法包括雄激素阻断和雌激素补充。激素治疗方法因患者目标和生理状况而异。有多种外科手术可供选择，包括生殖器确认手术、隆胸手术以及头部或颈部女性化手术。由于费用高昂和等待名单过长，许多人无法获得手术。激素和手术疗法能以最小的副作用改善生活质量和心理健康。需要持续开展研究，以增进对激素疗法特定风险和手术结果的了解。
