School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
Institute F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Apr 15;584-585:982-989. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.149. Epub 2017 Feb 9.
Very little systematic information exists on the occurrence and concentrations of antimony (Sb) in consumer products. In this study, a Niton XL3t field-portable-X-ray fluorescence (FP-XRF) spectrometer was deployed in situ and in the laboratory to provide quantitative information on Sb dissipated in plastic items and fixtures (including rubber, textile and foamed materials) from the domestic, school, vehicular and office settings. The metalloid was detected in 18% of over 800 measurements performed, with concentrations ranging from about 60 to 60,000μgg. The highest concentrations were encountered in white, electronic casings and in association with similar concentrations of Br, consistent with the use of antimony oxides (e.g. SbO) as synergistic flame retardants. Concentrations above 1000μgg, and with or without Br, were also encountered in paints, piping and hosing, adhesives, whiteboards, Christmas decorations, Lego blocks, document carriers, garden furniture, upholstered products and interior panels of private motor vehicles. Lower concentrations of Sb were encountered in a wide variety of items but its presence (without Br) in food tray packaging, single-use drinks bottles, straws and small toys were of greatest concern from a human health perspective. While the latter observations are consistent with the use of antimony compounds as catalysts in the production of polyethylene terephthalate, co-association of Sb and Br in many products not requiring flame retardancy suggests that electronic casings are widely recycled. Further research is required into the mobility of Sb when dissipated in new, recycled and aged polymeric materials.
关于消费品中锑（Sb）的存在和浓度，系统信息很少。在这项研究中，现场便携式 X 射线荧光（FP-XRF）光谱仪 Niton XL3t 在现场和实验室中被部署，以提供有关从家庭、学校、车辆和办公场所的塑料物品和固定装置（包括橡胶、纺织品和泡沫材料）中散发的 Sb 的定量信息。该半金属在 800 多次测量中的 18%中被检测到，浓度范围约为 60 至 60,000μg/g。在白色、电子外壳和类似浓度的 Br 中发现了最高浓度，这与使用锑氧化物（例如 SbO）作为协同阻燃剂一致。在油漆、管道和软管、粘合剂、白板、圣诞装饰品、乐高积木、文件载体、花园家具、软垫产品和私人汽车的内饰板中也发现了浓度超过 1000μg/g 且含有或不含 Br 的 Sb。在各种物品中发现了较低浓度的 Sb，但从人类健康的角度来看，食品托盘包装、一次性饮料瓶、吸管和小玩具中 Sb 的存在（不含 Br）最令人担忧。尽管这些观察结果与在生产聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯时使用锑化合物作为催化剂一致，但许多不需要阻燃剂的产品中 Sb 和 Br 的共同存在表明，电子外壳被广泛回收。需要进一步研究 Sb 在新的、回收的和老化的聚合物材料中散发时的迁移性。
