Dagher Dori, Ungar Ken, Robison Richard, Dagher Fadi
Bioxy AFD Inc. and Atomes F.D. Inc., Ville Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada.
Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2017 Feb 16;12(2):e0172224. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172224. eCollection 2017.
Traditional surface disinfectants that have long been applied in medicine, animal husbandry, manufacturing and institutions are inconvenient at best and dangerous at worst. Moreover, some of these substances have adverse environmental impacts: for example, quaternary ammonium compounds ("quats") are reproductive toxicants in both fish and mammals. Halogens are corrosive both to metals and living tissues, are highly reactive, can be readily neutralized by metals, and react with organic matter to form toxic, persistent by-products such as dioxins and furans. Aldehydes may be carcinogenic to both human and animals upon repeated exposures, are corrosive, cross-link living tissues and many synthetic materials, and may lose efficacy when pathogens enzymatically adapt to them. Alcohols are flammable and volatile and can be enzymatically degraded by certain bacterial pathogens. Quats are highly irritating to mucous membranes and over time can induce pathogen resistance, especially if they are not alternated with functionally different disinfectants. In contrast, peracetic acid (PAA), a potent oxidizer, liberates hydrogen peroxide (itself a disinfectant), biodegrades to carbon dioxide, water and oxygen, and is at least as efficacious as contact biocides e.g., halogens and aldehydes. Nevertheless, the standard form of liquid PAA is highly corrosive, is neutralized by metals and organic matter, gives off noxious odours and must be stored in vented containers. For the reasons stated above, Bioxy formulations were developed, a series of powder forms of PAA, which are odourless, stable in storage and safe to transport and handle. They generate up to 10% PAA in situ when dissolved in water. A 0.2% aqueous solution of Bioxy (equivalent to 200 ppm PAA) effected a 6.76 log reduction in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) within 2 minutes after application. A 5% aqueous solution of Bioxy achieved a 3.93 log reduction in the bovine tuberculosis bacillus Mycobacterium bovis, within 10 minutes after contact. A 1% solution of Bioxy reduced vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by 6.31 and 7.18 logs, respectively, within 3 minutes after application. A 0.5% solution of Bioxy inactivated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) within 15 minutes of contact, and a 5% solution of Bioxy realized a 5.36 log reduction in the spores of Clostridium difficile within 10 minutes of application. In summary, Bioxy is safe and easy to transport and store, poses negligible human, animal and environmental health risks, shows high levels of pathogen control efficacy and does not induce microbial resistance. Further investigations are recommended to explore its use as an industrial biocide.
长期以来应用于医学、畜牧业、制造业和公共机构的传统表面消毒剂，往好了说是不方便，往坏了说是危险。此外，其中一些物质还会对环境产生不利影响：例如，季铵化合物（“季铵盐”）对鱼类和哺乳动物都是生殖毒性物质。卤素对金属和生物组织都有腐蚀性，反应活性高，容易被金属中和，并与有机物反应形成有毒的持久性副产物，如二恶英和呋喃。醛类在反复接触后可能对人和动物都具有致癌性，具有腐蚀性，会使生物组织和许多合成材料发生交联，并且当病原体通过酶促作用适应它们时可能会失去效力。醇类易燃且易挥发，并且可被某些细菌病原体酶促降解。季铵盐对粘膜有高度刺激性，随着时间的推移会诱导病原体产生耐药性，特别是如果它们不与功能不同的消毒剂交替使用。相比之下，过氧乙酸（PAA）是一种强氧化剂，会释放出过氧化氢（其本身就是一种消毒剂），可生物降解为二氧化碳、水和氧气，并且其效力至少与接触型杀生剂（如卤素和醛类）相当。然而，液态PAA的标准形式具有高度腐蚀性，会被金属和有机物中和，会散发出有害气味，并且必须储存在通风的容器中。出于上述原因，开发了Bioxy制剂，这是一系列PAA的粉末形式，无味，储存稳定，运输和处理安全。它们在溶解于水时会原位产生高达10%的PAA。Bioxy的0.2%水溶液（相当于200 ppm PAA）在施用后2分钟内可使耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）减少6.76个对数级。Bioxy的5%水溶液在接触后10分钟内可使牛结核杆菌牛分枝杆菌减少3.93个对数级。Bioxy的1%溶液在施用后3分钟内分别使耐万古霉素肠球菌（VRE）和铜绿假单胞菌减少6.31和7.18个对数级。Bioxy的0.5%溶液在接触15分钟内可使猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）失活，Bioxy的5%溶液在施用10分钟内可使艰难梭菌的孢子减少5.36个对数级。总之，Bioxy安全且易于运输和储存，对人类、动物和环境健康的风险可忽略不计，显示出高水平的病原体控制效果，并且不会诱导微生物产生耐药性。建议进一步研究以探索其作为工业杀生剂的用途。
