Parte S, Sirisha V L, D'Souza J S
UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai, India.
UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai, India.
Adv Food Nutr Res. 2017;80:75-106. doi: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.10.005. Epub 2016 Dec 29.
Diversity is the hallmark of all life forms that inhabit the soil, air, water, and land. All these habitats pose their unique inherent challenges so as to breed the "fittest" creatures. Similarly, the biodiversity from the marine ecosystem has evolved unique properties due to challenging environment. These challenges include permafrost regions to hydrothermal vents, oceanic trenches to abyssal plains, fluctuating saline conditions, pH, temperature, light, atmospheric pressure, and the availability of nutrients. Oceans occupy 75% of the earth's surface and harbor most ancient and diverse forms of organisms (algae, bacteria, fungi, sponges, etc.), serving as an excellent source of natural bioactive molecules, novel therapeutic compounds, and enzymes. In this chapter, we introduce enzyme technology, its current state of the art, unique enzyme properties, and the biocatalytic potential of marine algal, bacterial, fungal, and sponge enzymes that have indeed boosted the Marine Biotechnology Industry. Researchers began exploring marine enzymes, and today they are preferred over the chemical catalysts for biotechnological applications and functions, encompassing various sectors, namely, domestic, industrial, commercial, and healthcare. Next, we summarize the plausible pros and cons: the challenges encountered in the process of discovery of the potent compounds and bioactive metabolites such as biocatalysts/enzymes of biomedical, therapeutic, biotechnological, and industrial significance. The field of Marine Enzyme Technology has recently assumed importance, and if it receives further boost, it could successfully substitute other chemical sources of enzymes useful for industrial and commercial purposes and may prove as a beneficial and ecofriendly option. With appropriate directions and encouragement, marine enzyme technology can sustain the rising demand for enzyme production while maintaining the ecological balance, provided any undesired exploitation of the marine ecosystem is avoided.
多样性是栖息于土壤、空气、水和陆地的所有生命形式的标志。所有这些栖息地都带来了其独特的固有挑战，从而孕育出“最适应的”生物。同样，由于环境具有挑战性，海洋生态系统的生物多样性也进化出了独特的特性。这些挑战包括从永久冻土区到热液喷口、从海沟到深海平原、波动的盐度条件、pH值、温度、光照、大气压力以及营养物质的可用性。海洋占据地球表面的75%，蕴藏着最古老、最多样化的生物形式（藻类、细菌、真菌、海绵等），是天然生物活性分子、新型治疗化合物和酶的绝佳来源。在本章中，我们介绍酶技术、其当前的技术水平、独特的酶特性，以及海洋藻类、细菌、真菌和海绵酶的生物催化潜力，这些酶确实推动了海洋生物技术产业的发展。研究人员开始探索海洋酶，如今在生物技术应用和功能方面，它们比化学催化剂更受青睐，涵盖了各个领域，即家庭、工业、商业和医疗保健领域。接下来，我们总结了可能的利弊：在发现具有生物医学、治疗、生物技术和工业意义的强效化合物和生物活性代谢物（如生物催化剂/酶）的过程中遇到的挑战。海洋酶技术领域最近变得重要起来，如果能得到进一步推动，它可以成功替代用于工业和商业目的的其他化学酶源，并可能被证明是一个有益且环保的选择。在有适当的指导和鼓励的情况下，海洋酶技术可以在避免对海洋生态系统进行任何不当开发的同时，满足对酶生产不断增长的需求，维持生态平衡。
