Griffin M F, Kalaskar D M, Seifalian A, Butler P E
University College London, Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, London, UK; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust Hospital, London, UK.
Open Orthop J. 2016 Dec 30;10:836-848. doi: 10.2174/1874325001610010836. eCollection 2016.
Natural bone is a complex and hierarchical structure. Bone possesses an extracellular matrix that has a precise nano-sized environment to encourage osteoblasts to lay down bone by directing them through physical and chemical cues. For bone tissue regeneration, it is crucial for the scaffolds to mimic the native bone structure. Nanomaterials, with features on the nanoscale have shown the ability to provide the appropriate matrix environment to guide cell adhesion, migration and differentiation.
This review summarises the new developments in bone tissue engineering using nanobiomaterials. The design and selection of fabrication methods and biomaterial types for bone tissue engineering will be reviewed. The interactions of cells with different nanostructured scaffolds will be discussed including nanocomposites, nanofibres and nanoparticles.
Several composite nanomaterials have been able to mimic the architecture of natural bone. Bioceramics biomaterials have shown to be very useful biomaterials for bone tissue engineering as they have osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. Nanofibrous scaffolds have the ability to provide the appropriate matrix environment as they can mimic the extracellular matrix structure of bone. Nanoparticles have been used to deliver bioactive molecules and label and track stem cells.
Future studies to improve the application of nanomaterials for bone tissue engineering are needed.
天然骨是一种复杂的层级结构。骨拥有细胞外基质，其具有精确的纳米级环境，可通过物理和化学信号引导成骨细胞沉积骨组织。对于骨组织再生而言，支架模仿天然骨结构至关重要。具有纳米尺度特征的纳米材料已显示出能够提供合适的基质环境以引导细胞黏附、迁移和分化。
本综述总结了使用纳米生物材料进行骨组织工程的新进展。将对骨组织工程制造方法和生物材料类型的设计与选择进行综述。将讨论细胞与不同纳米结构支架的相互作用，包括纳米复合材料、纳米纤维和纳米颗粒。
几种复合纳米材料已能够模仿天然骨的结构。生物陶瓷生物材料已显示出是骨组织工程非常有用的生物材料，因为它们具有骨传导性和骨诱导性。纳米纤维支架能够提供合适的基质环境，因为它们可以模仿骨的细胞外基质结构。纳米颗粒已被用于递送生物活性分子以及标记和追踪干细胞。
需要开展进一步研究以改善纳米材料在骨组织工程中的应用。
