Bolton Declan J, Robertson Lucy J
Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0454 Oslo, Norway.
J Food Prot. 2016 Nov;79(11):2005-2017. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-587.
Human infections with foodborne pathogenic organisms are relatively well described in terms of their overt physical symptoms, such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, fever, and associated sequelae. Indeed, some of these are key for diagnosis and treatment, although it should be noted that, for some foodborne pathogens, the physical symptoms might be more diffuse, particularly those associated with some of the foodborne parasites. In contrast, the impact of these pathogens on mental health is less well described, and symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and general malaise are usually ignored when foodborne infections are recorded. Despite this, it is generally accepted that there are several psychiatric disorders of unknown etiology that may be associated with microbial pathogens. Depression, autism, hypochondriasis and anxiety, schizophrenia, and Tourette syndrome probably have multiple contributing causes, among which foodborne pathogens may play a decisive or contributory role, possibly sharing pathophysiological pathways with other environmental triggers. This review focuses on foodborne parasites and bacterial pathogens. Some foodborne parasites, such as metacestodes of Taenia solium and tissue cysts (bradyzoites) of Toxoplasma gondii , may affect mental health by directly infecting the brain. In contrast, bacterial infections and other parasitic infections may contribute to mental illness via the immune system and/or by influencing neurotransmission pathways. Thus, cytokines, for example, have been associated with depression and schizophrenia. However, infectious disease models for psychiatry require a more complete understanding of the relationship between psychiatric disorders and microbial triggers. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the role of foodborne parasitic and bacterial pathogens in mental illness and identifies some of the gaps that should be addressed to improve diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues that are not solely related to psychiatric factors.
就食源性病原体导致的人类感染而言，其明显的身体症状，如腹泻、腹部绞痛、呕吐、发热及相关后遗症，已有较为详尽的描述。的确，其中一些症状是诊断和治疗的关键，不过应当指出的是，对于某些食源性病原体，身体症状可能更为多样，尤其是那些与某些食源寄生虫相关的症状。相比之下，这些病原体对心理健康的影响描述较少，在记录食源感染时，抑郁、焦虑和全身不适等症状通常被忽视。尽管如此，人们普遍认为，有几种病因不明的精神疾病可能与微生物病原体有关。抑郁症、自闭症、疑病症和焦虑症、精神分裂症以及妥瑞氏综合征可能有多种促成因素，其中食源性病原体可能起决定性或促成作用，可能与其他环境触发因素共享病理生理途径。本综述聚焦于食源寄生虫和细菌病原体。一些食源寄生虫，如猪带绦虫的中绦期幼虫和刚地弓形虫的组织囊肿（缓殖子），可能通过直接感染大脑来影响心理健康。相比之下，细菌感染和其他寄生虫感染可能通过免疫系统和/或影响神经传递途径导致精神疾病。例如，细胞因子已被认为与抑郁症和精神分裂症有关。然而，精神病学的传染病模型需要更全面地了解精神疾病与微生物触发因素之间的关系。本文综述了食源寄生虫和细菌病原体在精神疾病中作用的当前知识状态，并指出了一些为改善并非仅与精神因素相关的心理健康问题的诊断和治疗而应填补的空白。
