Vickers Alison E M, Ulyanov Anatoly V, Fisher Robyn L
Human Translational Models LLC, P.O. Box 4593, Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Inova Hospital, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Mar 7;18(3):574. doi: 10.3390/ijms18030574.
Drugs with clinical adverse effects are compared in an ex vivo 3-dimensional multi-cellular human liver slice model. Functional markers of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function, glutathione GSH and ATP levels, were affected by acetaminophen (APAP, 1 mM), diclofenac (DCF, 1 mM) and etomoxir (ETM, 100 μM). Drugs targeting mitochondria more than GSH were dantrolene (DTL, 10 μM) and cyclosporin A (CSA, 10 μM), while GSH was affected more than ATP by methimazole (MMI, 500 μM), terbinafine (TBF, 100 μM), and carbamazepine (CBZ 100 μM). Oxidative stress genes were affected by TBF (18%), CBZ, APAP, and ETM (12%-11%), and mitochondrial genes were altered by CBZ, APAP, MMI, and ETM (8%-6%). Apoptosis genes were affected by DCF (14%), while apoptosis plus necrosis were altered by APAP and ETM (15%). Activation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial energy, heat shock, ER stress, apoptosis, necrosis, DNA damage, immune and inflammation genes ranked CSA (75%), ETM (66%), DCF, TBF, MMI (61%-60%), APAP, CBZ (57%-56%), and DTL (48%). Gene changes in fatty acid metabolism, cholestasis, immune and inflammation were affected by DTL (51%), CBZ and ETM (44%-43%), APAP and DCF (40%-38%), MMI, TBF and CSA (37%-35%). This model advances multiple dosing in a human ex vivo model, plus functional markers and gene profile markers of drug induced human liver side-effects.
在体外三维多细胞人肝切片模型中对具有临床不良反应的药物进行了比较。对乙酰氨基酚(APAP,1 mM)、双氯芬酸(DCF,1 mM)和依托莫西(ETM,100 μM)影响了氧化应激和线粒体功能的功能标志物,即谷胱甘肽(GSH)和ATP水平。与GSH相比,更靶向线粒体的药物是丹曲林(DTL,10 μM)和环孢素A(CSA,10 μM),而甲巯咪唑(MMI,500 μM)、特比萘芬(TBF,100 μM)和卡马西平(CBZ 100 μM)对GSH的影响大于对ATP的影响。氧化应激基因受TBF(18%)、CBZ、APAP和ETM(12%-11%)影响,线粒体基因受CBZ、APAP、MMI和ETM(8%-6%)改变。凋亡基因受DCF(14%)影响,而凋亡加坏死受APAP和ETM(15%)改变。氧化应激、线粒体能量、热休克、内质网应激、凋亡、坏死、DNA损伤、免疫和炎症基因的激活程度依次为CSA(75%)、ETM(66%)、DCF、TBF、MMI(61%-60%)、APAP、CBZ(57%-56%)和DTL(48%)。脂肪酸代谢、胆汁淤积、免疫和炎症方面的基因变化受DTL(51%)、CBZ和ETM(44%-43%)、APAP和DCF(40%-38%)以及MMI、TBF和CSA(37%-35%)影响。该模型在人离体模型中推进了多次给药,以及药物诱导的人肝副作用的功能标志物和基因谱标志物研究。