Mishra Anamika, Vijayakumar Periyasamy, Raut Ashwin Ashok
a Pathogenomics Laboratory , OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India.
Int Rev Immunol. 2017 Mar 4;36(2):89-107. doi: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1291640. Epub 2017 Mar 8.
The highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) cause severe disease in gallinaceous poultry species, domestic ducks, various aquatic and terrestrial wild bird species as well as humans. The outcome of the disease is determined by complex interactions of multiple components of the host, the virus, and the environment. While the host-innate immune response plays an important role for clearance of infection, excessive inflammatory immune response (cytokine storm) may contribute to morbidity and mortality of the host. Therefore, innate immunity response in avian influenza infection has two distinct roles. However, the viral pathogenic mechanism varies widely in different avian species, which are not completely understood. In this review, we summarized the current understanding and gaps in host-pathogen interaction of avian influenza infection in birds. In first part of this article, we summarized influenza viral pathogenesis of gallinaceous and non-gallinaceous avian species. Then we discussed innate immune response against influenza infection, cytokine storm, differential host immune responses against different pathotypes, and response in different avian species. Finally, we reviewed the systems biology approach to study host-pathogen interaction in avian species for better characterization of molecular pathogenesis of the disease. Wild aquatic birds act as natural reservoir of AIVs. Better understanding of host-pathogen interaction in natural reservoir is fundamental to understand the properties of AIV infection and development of improved vaccine and therapeutic strategies against influenza.
高致病性禽流感病毒（HPAIVs）可在鸡形目家禽、家鸭、各种水生和陆生野生鸟类以及人类中引发严重疾病。疾病的转归取决于宿主、病毒和环境多个组成部分之间的复杂相互作用。虽然宿主的固有免疫反应在清除感染方面发挥着重要作用，但过度的炎症免疫反应（细胞因子风暴）可能会导致宿主发病和死亡。因此，禽流感感染中的固有免疫反应具有两个不同的作用。然而，病毒的致病机制在不同禽类中差异很大，目前尚未完全明确。在本综述中，我们总结了目前对鸟类禽流感感染中宿主-病原体相互作用的认识以及存在的差距。在本文的第一部分，我们总结了鸡形目和非鸡形目禽类的流感病毒致病机制。然后我们讨论了针对流感感染的固有免疫反应、细胞因子风暴、不同宿主对不同致病型的免疫反应差异以及不同禽类中的反应。最后，我们综述了用于研究禽类宿主-病原体相互作用的系统生物学方法，以更好地表征该疾病的分子致病机制。野生水鸟是禽流感病毒的天然宿主。更好地了解天然宿主中的宿主-病原体相互作用对于理解禽流感病毒感染的特性以及开发改进的流感疫苗和治疗策略至关重要。
