Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Applied Geosciences, EB 10, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
University of Waterloo, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Jul 15;590-591:708-719. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.031. Epub 2017 Mar 8.
Despite the large number of pharmaceutically active compounds found in natural environments little is known about their transport behavior in groundwater, which is complicated by their wide range of physical and chemical properties. The transport behavior of five widely used and often detected pharmaceutical compounds and one lifestyle drug has therefore been investigated, using a set of three column experiments. The investigated compounds were the anticonvulsant carbamazepine, the lifestyle drug caffeine, the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole, the lipid regulator gemfibrozil, and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories ibuprofen and naproxen. The columns were filled with three different types of sand. The substrates consisted of artificially prepared iron-coated sand, artificially prepared organic carbon sand (with 5% leaf compost), and natural aquifer sand from Long Point, Ontario (Canada). The experiments were conducted simultaneously under the same hydraulic conditions and with the same input solution of about 1μg·L of each compound. The transport behavior of the organic compounds differed significantly between both the different columns and the different compounds. A strong correlation was observed between the retardation factors for carbamazepine, gemfibrozil, and ibuprofen and the organic carbon content of the substrate. While the retardation increased with increasing organic carbon content, no direct relationship was observed between the organic carbon content and the removal of these compounds. In contrast, the retardation factors for sulfamethoxazole and naproxen showed no correlation with the organic carbon content but these compounds were significantly removed in the presence of organic matter. The influence of the Fe surfaces in the iron-coated sand was less significant than expected, with all compounds except for sulfamethoxazole having retardation factors <1.8. Caffeine was so strongly removed during transport through those substrates containing organic carbon that no reliable retardation factor could be determined.
尽管在自然环境中发现了大量具有药用活性的化合物，但对于它们在地下水中的迁移行为却知之甚少，这是因为它们具有广泛的物理和化学性质。因此，使用一组三个柱实验研究了五种广泛使用且经常检测到的药物化合物和一种生活方式药物的迁移行为。研究的化合物为抗惊厥药卡马西平、生活方式药物咖啡因、抗生素磺胺甲恶唑、脂质调节剂吉非贝齐、非甾体抗炎药布洛芬和萘普生。这些柱子中填充了三种不同类型的沙子。基质由人工制备的铁涂层砂、人工制备的含 5%叶堆肥的有机碳砂和来自安大略省朗点的天然含水层砂组成。在相同的水力条件下，同时进行实验，并使用相同的输入溶液，每个化合物约为 1μg·L。有机化合物的迁移行为在不同的柱子和不同的化合物之间存在显著差异。卡马西平、吉非贝齐和布洛芬的阻滞因子与基质中的有机碳含量之间存在很强的相关性。虽然阻滞因子随着有机碳含量的增加而增加，但没有观察到有机碳含量与这些化合物去除之间的直接关系。相比之下，磺胺甲恶唑和萘普生的阻滞因子与有机碳含量没有相关性，但这些化合物在存在有机物的情况下被显著去除。铁涂层砂中 Fe 表面的影响比预期的要小，除了磺胺甲恶唑之外，所有化合物的阻滞因子都<1.8。在含有有机碳的基质中，咖啡因在迁移过程中被强烈去除，以至于无法确定可靠的阻滞因子。
