Czaika Mathias, Parsons Christopher R
Department for International Development, International Migration Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
Economics Discipline, UWA Business School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Demography. 2017 Apr;54(2):603-630. doi: 10.1007/s13524-017-0559-1.
Combining unique, annual, bilateral data on labor flows of highly skilled immigrants for 10 OECD destinations between 2000 and 2012, with new databases comprising both unilateral and bilateral policy instruments, we present the first judicious cross-country assessment of policies aimed to attract and select high-skilled workers. Points-based systems are much more effective in attracting and selecting high-skilled migrants than requiring a job offer, labor market tests, and shortage lists. Offers of permanent residency, while attracting the highly skilled, overall reduce the human capital content of labor flows because they prove more attractive to non-high-skilled workers. Bilateral recognition of diploma and social security agreements foster greater flows of high-skilled workers and improve the skill selectivity of immigrant flows. Conversely, double taxation agreements deter high-skilled migrants, although they do not alter overall skill selectivity. Our results are robust to a variety of empirical specifications that account for destination-specific amenities, multilateral resistance to migration, and the endogeneity of immigration policies.
我们结合了2000年至2012年间经合组织10个目的地国高技能移民劳动力流动的独特年度双边数据，以及包含单边和双边政策工具的新数据库，首次对旨在吸引和挑选高技能工人的政策进行了审慎的跨国评估。基于积分的系统在吸引和挑选高技能移民方面比要求提供工作机会、进行劳动力市场测试和列出短缺职业清单更为有效。提供永久居留权虽然能吸引高技能人才，但总体上会降低劳动力流动中的人力资本含量，因为事实证明它对非高技能工人更具吸引力。双边学历互认和社会保障协议促进了高技能工人的更大规模流动，并提高了移民流动的技能选择性。相反，双重征税协议会阻碍高技能移民，尽管它们不会改变总体技能选择性。我们的结果在考虑目的地特定便利设施、多边移民阻力以及移民政策内生性的各种实证规范下都很稳健。
