Kim Min-Sik, Stees Melinda, Karuturi Bala Vamsi K, Vijayaraghavalu Sivakumar, Peterson Richard E, Madsen Gary L, Labhasetwar Vinod
Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5109 Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
Kemin Industries, Inc, 2100 Maury Street, Des Moines, IA, 50317, USA.
Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2017 Jun;7(3):372-382. doi: 10.1007/s13346-017-0374-7.
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiONPs) are used in sunscreen products to protect the skin from the sun's ultraviolet rays. However, following exposure to sunlight, the photocatalytic activity of TiONPs can produce an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing skin cell damage, triggering an inflammatory response. In zebrafish model, we evaluated how well Pro-NP™ (biodegradable NPs containing superoxide dismutase and catalase) could protect them from TiONP-induced photo-oxidative stress. We hypothesized that the antioxidant properties of Pro-NP™ would protect zebrafish embryos from the phototoxic effects of TiONPs, improving overall survival and growth. Dechorionated embryos were treated with TiONPs alone or co-treated with Pro-NP™, and then exposed to simulated sunlight. Pro-NP™ by itself caused no toxicity; however, for embryos exposed to 100 μg/ml TiONPs, zebrafish survival was reduced to ∼40% and at 500 μg/ml to ∼10%. In contrast, at 100 μg/ml TiONP, co-treatment with Pro-NP™ increased zebrafish survival in a dose-dependent manner. Co-treatment also improved percent of embryos hatching and resulted in normal growth of zebrafish. On the other hand, embryos treated with TiONPs alone developed deformities, had reduced pigmentation, and showed severely truncated growth. Pro-NP™ afforded a greater level of protection against TiONP-induced phototoxicity than other antioxidants (vitamin E or N-acetylcysteine) commonly used in topical skin care formulations. We conclude that Pro-NP™ exert significant protective effects against TiONP-induced phototoxicity and could be developed as a safe, effective skin care product, used alone or in combination with sunscreen products to protect the skin from sun's UV radiation.
二氧化钛纳米颗粒（TiONPs）用于防晒产品中，以保护皮肤免受太阳紫外线的伤害。然而，在暴露于阳光后，TiONPs的光催化活性会产生过量的活性氧（ROS），导致皮肤细胞损伤，引发炎症反应。在斑马鱼模型中，我们评估了Pro-NP™（含有超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的可生物降解纳米颗粒）对TiONP诱导的光氧化应激的保护效果。我们假设Pro-NP™的抗氧化特性可以保护斑马鱼胚胎免受TiONPs的光毒性影响，提高总体存活率和生长率。去除卵壳的胚胎单独用TiONPs处理或与Pro-NP™共同处理，然后暴露于模拟阳光下。Pro-NP™本身不会产生毒性；然而，对于暴露于100μg/ml TiONPs的胚胎，斑马鱼的存活率降至约40%，而在500μg/ml时降至约10%。相比之下，在100μg/ml TiONP时，与Pro-NP™共同处理以剂量依赖的方式提高了斑马鱼的存活率。共同处理还提高了胚胎孵化率，并使斑马鱼正常生长。另一方面，单独用TiONPs处理胚胎会出现畸形、色素沉着减少，并表现出严重的生长受阻。Pro-NP™对TiONP诱导的光毒性的保护作用比局部皮肤护理配方中常用的其他抗氧化剂（维生素E或N-乙酰半胱氨酸）更强。我们得出结论，Pro-NP™对TiONP诱导的光毒性具有显著的保护作用，可以开发成一种安全、有效的皮肤护理产品，单独使用或与防晒产品联合使用，以保护皮肤免受太阳紫外线辐射。
