Zald David H, Treadway Michael T
Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240; email:
Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322; email:
Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2017 May 8;13:471-495. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-044957. Epub 2017 Mar 15.
Abnormal reward processing is a prominent transdiagnostic feature of psychopathology. The present review provides a framework for considering the different aspects of reward processing and their assessment, and highlights recent insights from the field of neuroeconomics that may aid in understanding these processes. Although altered reward processing in psychopathology has often been treated as a general hypo- or hyperresponsivity to reward, increasing data indicate that a comprehensive understanding of reward dysfunction requires characterization within more specific reward-processing domains, including subjective valuation, discounting, hedonics, reward anticipation and facilitation, and reinforcement learning. As such, more nuanced models of the nature of these abnormalities are needed. We describe several processing abnormalities capable of producing the types of selective alterations in reward-related behavior observed in different forms of psychopathology, including (mal)adaptive scaling and anchoring, dysfunctional weighting of reward and cost variables, competition between valuation systems, and reward prediction error signaling.
异常奖赏处理是精神病理学的一个突出的跨诊断特征。本综述提供了一个框架，用于考虑奖赏处理的不同方面及其评估，并强调了神经经济学领域的最新见解，这些见解可能有助于理解这些过程。尽管精神病理学中改变的奖赏处理常常被视为对奖赏的普遍反应不足或过度反应，但越来越多的数据表明，要全面理解奖赏功能障碍，需要在更具体的奖赏处理领域内进行特征描述，包括主观估值、折扣、享乐主义、奖赏预期与促进以及强化学习。因此，需要更细致入微的这些异常本质的模型。我们描述了几种能够产生在不同形式的精神病理学中观察到的奖赏相关行为的选择性改变类型的处理异常，包括（不）适应性缩放和锚定、奖赏和成本变量的功能失调加权、估值系统之间的竞争以及奖赏预测误差信号。
