Norrdahl Kai, Suhonen Jukka, Hemminki Ossi, Korpimäki Erkki
Department of Zoology, Division of Ecology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 17, FIN-00014, Finland.
Department of Biology, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40351, Jyväskylä, Finland.
Oecologia. 1995 Jan;101(1):105-109. doi: 10.1007/BF00328906.
We studied whether the presence of breeding kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) affected nest predation and breeding habitat selection of curlews (Numenius arquata) on an open flat farmland area in western Finland. We searched for nests of curlews from an area of 6 km during 1985-1993. For each nest found, we recorded the fate of the nest, and the distance to the nearest kestrel nest and to the nearest perch. We measured the impact of breeding kestrels on nest predation by constructing artificial curlew nests in the vicinity of ten kestrel nests in 1993. Curlew nests were closer to kestrel nests than expected from random distribution, eventhough kestrels fed on average 5.5% of curlew chick production. Predation risk by kestrels was lower than predation risk by corvids and other generalist predators, which predated 9% of curlew nests surviving farming practices and an unknown proportion of chicks. Artificial nest experiment showed that nest predation was lower close to kestrel nests than further away suggesting that the breeding association of curlews and kestrels was a behavioural adaptation against nest predation. Thus, the presence of a predator may sometimes be beneficial to prey, and prey animals have behavioural adaptations to these situations.
我们研究了在芬兰西部一片开阔平坦的农田区域，繁殖期红隼（矛隼）的存在是否会影响杓鹬（白腰杓鹬）的巢捕食及繁殖栖息地选择。1985年至1993年期间，我们在一片6平方公里的区域内搜寻杓鹬的巢穴。对于每一个发现的巢穴，我们记录了巢穴的命运，以及到最近红隼巢穴和最近栖木的距离。1993年，我们通过在十个红隼巢穴附近建造人工杓鹬巢穴，来测量繁殖期红隼对巢捕食的影响。尽管红隼平均捕食了5.5%的杓鹬雏鸟，但杓鹬巢穴比随机分布预期的更靠近红隼巢穴。红隼造成的捕食风险低于鸦科鸟类和其他一般捕食者，后者捕食了9%在农业活动中幸存的杓鹬巢穴以及未知比例的雏鸟。人工巢穴实验表明，靠近红隼巢穴处的巢捕食率低于远处，这表明杓鹬与红隼的繁殖关联是一种针对巢捕食的行为适应。因此，捕食者的存在有时可能对猎物有益，而猎物动物会对这些情况产生行为适应。
