Toft Catherine A
Department of Zoology, University of California, 95616, Davis, California, USA.
Oecologia. 1980 Apr;45(1):131-141. doi: 10.1007/BF00346717.
Thirteen species of anurans belonging to three families forage diurnally for arthropods in the leaf litter of the lowland rainforest at the Río Llullapichis in Amazonian Perú. This paper investigates the diets and patterns of coexistence in this group of ecologically similar species. All thirteen species use the forest floor habitat without apparent differentiation. Most species take prey in proportions significantly different from those occurring in the leaf litter and comprise two specialist guilds: dendrobatids and bufonids that eat hard-bodied, slow-moving arthropods such as ants and mites; and leptodactylids that eat soft-bodied, mobile arthropods, primarily orthopterans and large spiders. Dendrobates femoralis (Boulenger) is a generalist, taking prey in proportions not significantly different from those in the leaf litter. Within specialist guilds, body sizes of species vary and are correlated with the size of prey taken. Foraging behavior and predator defense also correlate with the type and sizes of prey taken. Ant specialists tend to be poisonous and active searchers, taking many small prey per day. Non-ant specialists are cryptic, sit-and-wait foragers that take few large prey per day. Similarity in diet within guilds tends tobe lowest in the dry season when food is less abundant, suggesting that food is in short supply in the dry season.
在秘鲁亚马逊地区的鲁亚皮基斯河低地雨林的落叶层中，隶属于三个科的13种无尾目动物白天觅食节肢动物。本文研究了这一组生态习性相似的物种的食性和共存模式。所有13个物种都利用森林地面栖息地，且没有明显的分化。大多数物种捕食猎物的比例与落叶层中的比例显著不同，并分为两个特化类群：箭毒蛙科和蟾蜍科，它们以蚂蚁和螨虫等身体坚硬、行动缓慢的节肢动物为食；以及细趾蟾科，它们以身体柔软、行动灵活的节肢动物为食，主要是直翅目昆虫和大型蜘蛛。股斑箭毒蛙（Boulenger）是一种泛化种，其捕食猎物的比例与落叶层中的比例没有显著差异。在特化类群中，物种的体型各不相同，并且与所捕食猎物的大小相关。觅食行为和捕食者防御也与所捕食猎物的类型和大小相关。蚂蚁特化种往往有毒且是主动搜寻者，每天捕食许多小猎物。非蚂蚁特化种则善于伪装，是坐等型觅食者，每天捕食少量大猎物。在食物不太丰富的旱季，类群内部食性的相似性往往最低，这表明旱季食物供应短缺。
