Nicolai Volker
Fachbereich Biologie/Zoologie der Philipps Universität Marburg, D-3550, Marburg/Lahn, Germany.
Oecologia. 1986 Apr;69(1):148-160. doi: 10.1007/BF00399052.
The thermal properties of four different types of bark were investigated on twentyfour central European tree species using thermocouples. Tree species with white bark avoid overheating of their surface by reflection of the radiation. Species with fissured and scaly barks shade inner parts of their bark. Some tree species with fissured barks show high insulation across the bark. Smooth and thin barks show no adaptation to avoid overheating. These tree species (in central Europe e.g. Fagus sylvatica) have to form closed stands and are not able to occur in open stands as tree species with structured or white bark types.The arthropod fauna of the same bark types was studied on six tree species using three collecting methods. The microclimate on the bark determines the number per cm of some species, some are active during winter, and other tend to aptery and reproduce parthenogenetically. On smooth bark one species dominates, whereas a highly diverse fauna lives on fissured barks. The occurrence of species on bark is determined by the microstructure, microclimate and consistence of the epiphyts. If tree species alter within forest ecosystems the dominant species on bark will persist. Specialists of fissured barks will die out if tree species with smooth bark (Fagus sylvatica) form the central European forest.
利用热电偶对24种中欧树种的四种不同类型树皮的热特性进行了研究。树皮呈白色的树种通过反射辐射来避免其表面过热。树皮有裂纹和鳞片的树种会为树皮内部提供荫蔽。一些树皮有裂纹的树种在整个树皮上表现出良好的隔热性。光滑且薄的树皮没有表现出避免过热的适应性。这些树种（如中欧的欧洲山毛榉）必须形成封闭林分，无法像具有结构化或白色树皮类型的树种那样出现在开阔林分中。使用三种采集方法，对六种树种相同树皮类型上的节肢动物群落进行了研究。树皮上的微气候决定了某些物种每平方厘米的数量，有些物种在冬季活跃，其他物种则倾向于无翅并进行孤雌生殖。在光滑树皮上有一种物种占主导，而在有裂纹的树皮上则生活着高度多样化的动物群落。树皮上物种的出现取决于附生植物的微观结构、微气候和质地。如果森林生态系统中的树种发生变化，树皮上的优势物种将持续存在。如果具有光滑树皮的树种（欧洲山毛榉）形成中欧森林，有裂纹树皮的 specialist 物种将会灭绝。 （注：原文中“specialists”直译为“专家”，结合语境这里可能是指对特定树皮类型有适应性的物种，暂且保留英文未翻译，以免造成误解，你可根据实际情况调整。）
