Braune Hans-Jürgen
Lehrstuhl für Ökologie, Zoologisches Institut der Universität Kiel, Kiel, Deutschland.
Oecologia. 1971 Sep;8(3):223-266. doi: 10.1007/BF00346473.
Leptopterna dolobrata (L.) (Holarctis) and Calocoris roseomaculatus (De Geer) (Palaearctis) are single-brooded in the whole range of their distribution and hibernate in the egg stage. Both species are active only for 21/2 months, while the egg stage lasts over 9 months.The main food plants of Leptopterna are Dactylis glomerata and Alopecurus pratensis. Whereas the instars I-III feed on the ears of the grasses only, the later stages, including the adults, may change to the stems and leaves. In the field the bugs settle on other grass species when the blossoms of Dactylis and Alopecurus are exhausted. Because of the position of the eggs in the interior of the grass stem the serosal cuticle must lengthen to permit the process of hatching.The course of development is not influenced by the photoperiod.Dormancy during embryogenesis of Leptopterna always occurs before unfolding of the embryo. In the field this stage is already reached at the end of July. The initiation of dormancy does not depend on external factors and therefore belongs to the obligatory type of diapause. Four phases of diapause can be distinghished: prae-, meso-, meta-and postdiapause. Only during the meso-and metadiapause is development arrested. It could be shown that in mesodiapause temperatures between-1° and +16° C on the deviation of this stage, which lasts about 6 months, had no influence. The metadiapause is an interphase before the normal development of the postdiapause: it is favoured by temperatures below +10°C whereas higher temperatures are injurious. At constant temperatures complete development of the egg stage is only possible in the small range from +10° to 16° C owing to the different temperature reactions of the 4 phases of diapause. The protracted egg diapause synchronizes the appearance of larvae and adults with their food plants.At different constant temperatures in the range of +10° to 28° C larval development follows the formula of the time-temperature hyperbola with the threshold of development at +5° C. Alternating temperatures accelerate larval development as compared with corresponding constant temperatures. At +10° C only a few larvae reach the adult stage, but their gonads do not ripen.The egg diapause of Calocoris, too, lasts more than 9 months. The species differ only in the length of their temperature independent mesodiapause (Leptopterna: 180 days, Calocoris: 84 days).A new system of the main types of insect dormancy is given.
草地盲蝽（Leptopterna dolobrata (L.) (全北区)）和玫瑰斑长蝽（Calocoris roseomaculatus (De Geer) (古北区)）在其整个分布范围内均为单化性，并以卵期越冬。这两个物种仅活跃2.5个月，而卵期持续超过9个月。草地盲蝽的主要食草植物是鸭茅（Dactylis glomerata）和草原看麦娘（Alopecurus pratensis）。一至三龄若虫仅以草穗为食，而包括成虫在内的后期阶段可能会转而取食茎和叶。在田间，当鸭茅和草原看麦娘的花耗尽时，这些蝽会栖息在其他草种上。由于卵位于草茎内部，浆膜角质层必须伸长以允许孵化过程。发育过程不受光周期影响。草地盲蝽胚胎发育期间的滞育总是发生在胚胎展开之前。在田间，这个阶段在7月底就已达到。滞育的开始不依赖于外部因素，因此属于 obligatory 型滞育。滞育可分为四个阶段：滞育前期、滞育中期、滞育后期和滞育后。只有在滞育中期和滞育后期发育才会停止。可以证明，在滞育中期，-1°C至+16°C之间的温度对持续约6个月的这个阶段的偏离没有影响。滞育后期是滞育后正常发育之前的一个中间阶段：低于+10°C的温度有利于此阶段，而较高温度则有害。由于滞育四个阶段的温度反应不同，在恒温下，卵期的完全发育仅在+10°C至16°C的小范围内才有可能。延长的卵滞育使幼虫和成虫的出现与其食草植物同步。在+10°C至28°C范围内的不同恒温下，幼虫发育遵循时间-温度双曲线公式，发育阈值为+5°C。与相应的恒温相比，变温加速幼虫发育。在+10°C时，只有少数幼虫能发育到成虫阶段，但它们的性腺不会成熟。玫瑰斑长蝽的卵滞育也持续超过9个月。这两个物种仅在与温度无关的滞育中期长度上有所不同（草地盲蝽：180天，玫瑰斑长蝽：84天）。给出了昆虫休眠主要类型的新系统。
