Schmidt Karoline
Institut für Wildbiologie und Jagdwirtschaft, Universität für Bodenkultur, Peter Jordan Strasse 76, A-1190, Wien, Autria.
Oecologia. 1993 Aug;95(2):226-233. doi: 10.1007/BF00323494.
In winter, red deer (Cervus elaphus hippelaphus) that are not receiving supplementary feeding emphasize and rely on energy-saving strategies. In severe winters with deep snow, they select a home-range habitat-windblown alpine pastures above the timberline-that meets the requirements of this strategy: a much lower sinking depth and good forage availability are due to patchy snow distribution, while the open area provides higher radiation, permits group formation and thus sociobiological wellbeing. The energy costs of thermoregulation are minimized by selecting slopes with south to south-west exposures, seeking thermal shelter from strong winds, while high flight distances and horizontal flight routes reduce the energy costs of fleeing. In years with little winter snowfall non-supplemented red deer prefer the greater security of forested habitats in lower areas and obtain higher food intake from slightly more nutritious meadows in the valley bottom. The food-supplemented herd has much more constant and predictable habitat use, combining an energy-saving strategy-choosing alpine pastures as low-cost winter home range-with high energy income at the feeding station.
在冬季，未接受补充喂养的马鹿（Cervus elaphus hippelaphus）会着重并依赖节能策略。在积雪深厚的严冬，它们会选择一种符合该策略要求的栖息地——林线以上被风吹过的高山牧场：由于积雪分布不均，这里的下沉深度要低得多，且草料供应充足，而开阔区域能提供更多辐射，有利于群体形成，进而促进社会生物学意义上的健康。通过选择朝南至西南朝向的山坡、躲避强风以寻求热庇护所，体温调节的能量消耗得以降至最低，同时长飞行距离和水平飞行路线降低了逃跑的能量成本。在冬季降雪较少的年份，未得到补充喂养的马鹿更喜欢地势较低地区森林栖息地所提供的更高安全性，并从谷底营养稍高的草地获取更高的食物摄入量。接受食物补充的鹿群对栖息地的利用更加稳定且可预测，它们将节能策略（选择高山牧场作为低成本的冬季家园）与在喂食站获得的高能量收入相结合。
