Dallinger Reinhard, Berger Burkhard, Birkel Stefan
Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
Oecologia. 1992 Jan;89(1):32-41. doi: 10.1007/BF00319012.
Environmental pollution by toxic metals is widespread in urban areas. In contrast to many industrialized sites, however, metal pollution in most urban regions occurs at low or moderately elevated levels. Reliable criteria of environmental quality have therefore to be established, with the consequence that there is an increasing need for sensitive monitoring of pollution. In this present study, the isopod species Porcellio scaber was used as a bioindicator of lead and cadmium pollution in Innsbruck, Austria. During May 1988, isopods were collected at 356 points over the whole city area; lead and cadmium in whole animals were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Lead and cadmium contamination of urban districts were correlated with traffic density, the only exception being higher cadmium contamination of one district in which several factories are situated. Concentrations of lead, but not of cadmium, increased along the main arterial roads with increasing traffic density and with decreasing distance from the city centre. On a large scale, concentrations of lead and cadmium increased in the direction of the prevailing wind, from south-west to north-east. On a small scale, the variability of metal concentrations can be explained by the irregular distribution of active business centres, by different degrees of contamination between exposed and non-exposed sites, and by contamination gradients depending on wind direction. Compared to highly polluted sites around industrial factories and metal smelting works, lead contamination in Innsbruck can be considered as moderately elevated, whereas cadmium contamination is low.
城市地区有毒金属造成的环境污染十分普遍。然而，与许多工业化场所不同的是，大多数城市地区的金属污染处于低水平或中等程度的升高。因此，必须建立可靠的环境质量标准，结果是对污染进行灵敏监测的需求日益增加。在本研究中，等足类动物鼠妇被用作奥地利因斯布鲁克铅和镉污染的生物指示物。1988年5月期间，在整个城市区域的356个点位采集了等足类动物；使用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测量了动物整体中的铅和镉。市区的铅和镉污染与交通密度相关，唯一的例外是有几家工厂的一个区域镉污染较高。随着交通密度增加以及离市中心距离减小，主要干道沿线铅的浓度升高，而镉的浓度并未升高。在大尺度上，铅和镉的浓度从西南向东北，顺着盛行风的方向增加。在小尺度上，金属浓度的变化可由活跃商业中心的不规则分布、暴露与未暴露地点之间不同程度的污染以及取决于风向的污染梯度来解释。与工业工厂和金属冶炼厂周围的高污染场地相比，因斯布鲁克的铅污染可视为中等程度的升高，而镉污染较低。
