Timing of seed germination and the reproductive effort in Xanthium canadense.

The effect of different dates of germination on the timing of flowering and the final reproductive yield was examined in a short-day annual plant Xanthium canadense (cocklebur). Delays in germination of 30 and 60 days deferred flower initiation by 2 and 9 days, respectively. Although plants that germinated later were smaller because of the shorter growing period, the reproductive yields did not show as much reduction as the vegetative biomass. The reproductive effort (RE, defined as the ratio of final reproductive yield to the vegetative biomass at the end of the growing season) increased 1.5 and 2.5 times with delays in germination of 30 and 60 days, respectively. A simple model of plant growth was used to analyse the factors involved in the control of RE, which depends only on the dry mass productivity and its partitioning in the reproductive phase, and is independent of the productivity and partitioning in the vegetative phase. Since relative allocation of dry mass to the reproductive part in the reproductive phase was similar for plants with different germination dates, the different REs could be ascribed mainly to differences in productivity of the vegetative parts in the reproductive period. The dependence of RE on plant size is discussed.