School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
Biochem Pharmacol. 2017 Sep 1;139:24-39. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.012. Epub 2017 Mar 18.
(Poly)phenols are a large group of compounds, found in food, beverages, dietary supplements and herbal medicines. Owing to interest in their biological activities, absorption and metabolism of the most abundant compounds in humans are well understood. Both the chemical structure of the phenolic moiety and any attached chemical groups define whether the polyphenol is absorbed in the small intestine, or reaches the colon and is subject to extensive catabolism by colonic microbiota. Untransformed substrates may be absorbed, appearing in plasma primarily as methylated, sulfated and glucuronidated derivatives, with in some cases the unchanged substrate. Many of the catabolites are well absorbed from the colon and appear in the plasma either similarly conjugated, or as glycine conjugates, or in some cases unchanged. Although many (poly)phenol catabolites have been identified in human plasma and/or urine, the exact pathways from substrate to final microbial catabolite, and the species of bacteria and enzymes involved, are still scarcely reported. While it is clear that the composition of the human gut microbiota can be modulated in vivo by supplementation with some (poly)phenol-rich commodities, such modulation is definitely not an inevitable consequence of supplementation; it depends on the treatment, length of time and on the individual metabotype, and it is not clear whether the modulation is sustained when supplementation ceases. Some catabolites have been recorded in plasma of volunteers at concentrations similar to those shown to be effective in in vitro studies suggesting that some benefit may be achieved in vivo by diets yielding such catabolites.
多酚是一大类化合物，存在于食物、饮料、膳食补充剂和草药中。由于对其生物活性的关注，人们对人类体内最丰富的化合物的吸收和代谢有了很好的了解。酚部分的化学结构和任何附着的化学基团都决定了多酚是在小肠中被吸收，还是到达结肠并被结肠微生物群广泛代谢。未转化的底物可能被吸收，主要以甲基化、硫酸化和葡萄糖醛酸化衍生物的形式出现在血浆中，在某些情况下则为未改变的底物。许多代谢物从结肠被很好地吸收，并以类似的结合形式出现在血浆中，或者以甘氨酸结合物的形式出现，或者在某些情况下以未改变的形式出现。尽管已经在人血浆和/或尿液中鉴定出许多（多）酚代谢物，但从底物到最终微生物代谢物的具体途径，以及涉及的细菌和酶的种类，仍鲜有报道。虽然很明显，某些富含（多）酚的商品可以通过补充来调节体内的肠道微生物群组成，但这种调节肯定不是补充的必然结果；它取决于治疗、时间长短和个体代谢类型，并且不清楚当补充停止时，调节是否持续。一些代谢物已在志愿者的血浆中被记录到与在体外研究中显示有效的浓度相似，这表明通过产生这些代谢物的饮食，可能在体内获得一些益处。
