Molecular and in situ characterization of cadmium-resistant diversified extremophilic strains of Pseudomonas for their bioremediation potential.

Cadmium-resistant strains psychrotolerant Pseudomonas putida SB32 and alkalophilic Pseudomonas monteilli SB35 were originally isolated from the soil of Semera mines, Palamau, Jharkhand, India. Further, to unravel the mechanism involved in cadmium resistance, plasmid DNA was isolated from the strains and subjected to amplification of the czc gene, which is responsible for the efflux of three metal cations, viz. Co, Zn and Cd, from the cell. Furthermore, the amplicon was cloned into pDrive cloning vector and sequenced. When compared with the available database, the sequence homology of the cloned gene showed the presence of a partial czcA gene sequence, thereby indicating the presence of a plasmid-mediated efflux mechanism for resistance in both strains. These results were further confirmed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the strains were characterized functionally for their bioremediation potential in cadmium-contaminated soil by performing an in situ experiment using soybean plant. A marked increase in agronomical parameters was observed in presence of both strains. Further, the concentration of metal ions decreased in both plants and soil in the presence of these bioinoculants.