Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Aug 15;592:477-487. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.120. Epub 2017 Mar 18.
Concentration of the global population is increasingly occurring in megacities and other developing regions, where access to medicines is increasing more rapidly than waste management systems are implemented. Because freshwater and coastal systems are influenced by wastewater effluent discharges of differential quality, exposures in aquatic systems must be considered. Here, we performed a global scanning assessment of antihistamines (AHs), a common class of medicines, in surface waters and effluents. Antihistamines were identified, literature occurrence and ecotoxicology data on AHs collated, therapeutic hazard values (THVs) calculated, and environmental exposure distributions (EEDs) of AHs compared to ecotoxicity thresholds and drug specific THVs to estimate hazards in surface waters and effluents. Literature searches of 62 different AHs in environmental matrices identified 111 unique occurrence publications of 24 specific AHs, largely from Asia-Pacific, Europe, and North America. However, the majority of surface water (63%) and effluent (85%) observations were from Europe and North America, which highlights relatively limited information from many regions, including developing countries and rapidly urbanizing areas in Africa, Latin America and Asia. Less than 10% of all observations were for estuarine or marine systems, though the majority of human populations reside close to coastal habitats. EED 5 and 95 centiles for all AHs were 2 and 212ng/L in surface water, 5 and 1308ng/L in effluent and 6 and 4287ng/L in influent, respectively. Unfortunately, global hazards and risks of AHs to non-target species remain poorly understood. However, loratadine observations in surface waters exceeded a THV without an uncertainty factor 40% of the time, indicating future research is needed to understand aquatic toxicology, hazards and risks associated with this AH. This unique global scanning study further illustrates the utility of global assessments of pharmaceuticals and other contaminants to identify chemicals requiring toxicology study and regions where environmental monitoring, assessment and management efforts appear limited and necessary.
人口的全球集中越来越多地发生在特大城市和其他发展中地区，而这些地区的药品可及性的增长速度快于废物管理系统的实施速度。由于淡水和沿海系统受到不同质量的废水排放的影响，因此必须考虑水生系统中的暴露情况。在这里，我们对表面水和废水中的一种常见药物类别的抗组胺药（AHs）进行了全球扫描评估。确定了抗组胺药，整理了有关 AH 的文献发生率和生态毒理学数据，计算了治疗危害值（THV），并将 AH 的环境暴露分布（EED）与生态毒性阈值和药物特定 THV 进行了比较，以评估地表水和废水中的危害。在环境基质中对 62 种不同的 AH 进行了文献搜索，共确定了 24 种特定 AH 的 111 种独特发生出版物，主要来自亚太地区、欧洲和北美。然而，大部分地表水（63%）和废水（85%）的观测值来自欧洲和北美，这突出表明，包括非洲、拉丁美洲和亚洲在内的许多地区的信息相对有限，其中包括发展中国家和快速城市化地区。不到所有观测值的 10%是河口或海洋系统，尽管大部分人口居住在靠近沿海栖息地的地方。所有 AH 的 EED5 和 95 百分位数在地表水分别为 2 和 212ng/L，在废水中为 5 和 1308ng/L，在进水口分别为 6 和 4287ng/L。不幸的是，全球范围内非目标物种对抗组胺药的危害和风险仍知之甚少。然而，在地表水 loratadine 的观测值在没有不确定性因素的情况下，有 40%的时间超过了 THV，这表明需要开展未来的研究，以了解与这种 AH 相关的水生毒理学、危害和风险。这项独特的全球扫描研究进一步说明了对药品和其他污染物进行全球评估以识别需要进行毒理学研究的化学品以及环境监测、评估和管理工作似乎有限和必要的区域的效用。
