Maharani Diah Ayu, Adiatman Melissa, Rahardjo Anton, Burnside Girvan, Pine Cynthia
Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jalan Salemba No. 4, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia.
Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, UK.
BMC Oral Health. 2017 Mar 21;17(1):65. doi: 10.1186/s12903-017-0358-5.
Previous surveys have indicated that a majority of Indonesian children have poor oral health. However, little detailed information is available on underlying causation and none that examine impacts of oral health on child self-esteem, school performance and perceived employability. The aim of this study was to determine levels of child oral health in primary school children in Indonesia, the prevalence of key causal factors; and, to determine relationships between oral health, self-esteem and school academic performance.
Cross-sectional epidemiological study in a sample (n = 984) of children aged 6-7 and 10-11 years old attending three public schools in Indonesia. A dental visual impact study was conducted, in which teachers reported their perceptions of the impact of child oral health on school academic performance. Oral health behaviors, self-esteem, and school performance were assessed. The children were clinically examined to measure dental caries and oral cleanliness.
Teachers believe that children with visually poor oral health and impaired smiles are more likely to perform poorly at school, be socially excluded and have lower job prospects than their peers with visually good oral health and healthy smiles. The percentages of children with decayed teeth were 94 and 90% in the 6-7- and 10-11-year age groups, respectively. Families reported high levels of child consumption of sugar-containing foods and drinks; many had irregular use of fluoride toothpaste. Children with substantial plaque on their teeth achieved significantly lower levels of school performance than their peers with clean teeth. Significant associations were found between school performance and self-esteem for these children.
The study findings highlight the need for preventive care programs to improve the oral health of children in Indonesia and prospective determination of associations between child oral health; self-esteem and school academic performance.
以往的调查表明，大多数印度尼西亚儿童口腔健康状况不佳。然而，关于潜在病因的详细信息很少，也没有研究考察口腔健康对儿童自尊、学业成绩和就业感知的影响。本研究的目的是确定印度尼西亚小学生的儿童口腔健康水平、关键因果因素的患病率；并确定口腔健康、自尊和学校学业成绩之间的关系。
对印度尼西亚三所公立学校中6至7岁和10至11岁的984名儿童进行横断面流行病学研究。开展了一项牙科视觉影响研究，教师报告了他们对儿童口腔健康对学校学业成绩影响的看法。评估了口腔健康行为、自尊和学校表现。对儿童进行临床检查以测量龋齿和口腔清洁度。
教师认为，与口腔视觉健康良好且笑容健康的同龄人相比，口腔视觉健康不佳且笑容受损的儿童在学校表现更差、更容易被社会排斥且就业前景更低。6至7岁和10至11岁年龄组中患龋齿儿童的比例分别为94%和90%。家庭报告儿童含糖食品和饮料的消费量很高；许多人不经常使用含氟牙膏。牙齿上有大量牙菌斑的儿童的学业成绩明显低于牙齿清洁的同龄人。在这些儿童中，学校表现与自尊之间存在显著关联。
研究结果凸显了在印度尼西亚开展预防保健项目以改善儿童口腔健康的必要性，以及前瞻性确定儿童口腔健康、自尊和学校学业成绩之间关联的必要性。
