Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 LPTC, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France.
CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 LPTC, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Dec 15;603-604:651-662. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.174. Epub 2017 Mar 24.
The aim of the present study, one of the most complete ever performed in France, was to carry out an extensive survey on the potential presence of a large amount of emerging contaminants in 40 French bottled waters, including parent compounds and metabolites. The studied samples represented 70% of the French bottled water market in volume. Six classes of compounds were investigated, most of them being unregulated in bottled waters: pesticides and their transformation products (118), pharmaceutical substances (172), hormones (11), alkylphenols (APs) (8), phthalates (11) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (10). One of the objectives of this work was to achieve low and reliable limits of quantification (LOQs) (87% of the LOQs were below 10ng/L) using advanced analytical technologies and reliable sample preparation methodologies, including stringent quality controls. Among the 14,000 analyses performed, 99.7% of the results were below the LOQs. None of the hormones, pharmaceutical substances and phthalates were quantified. Nineteen compounds out of the 330 investigated were quantified in 11 samples. Eleven were pesticides including 7 metabolites, 6 were PFAS and 2 were APs. As regards pesticides, their sum was at least twice lower than the quality standards applicable for bottled waters in France. The presence of a majority of pesticide metabolites suggested a former use in the recharge areas of the exploited aquifers. The quantification of a few unregulated emerging compounds at the nano-trace level, such as PFAS, raised the issue of their potential sources, including long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. This study confirmed that the groundwater aquifers exploited for bottling were well-preserved from chemicals, as compared to less geologically protected groundwaters, and also underlined the need to pursue the protection policies implemented in recharge areas in order to limit the anthropogenic pressure.
本研究旨在对法国 40 种瓶装水中大量新兴污染物的潜在存在情况进行广泛调查，其中包括母体化合物和代谢物。所研究的样本代表了法国瓶装水市场 70%的体积。研究了 6 类化合物，其中大多数在瓶装水中不受监管：农药及其转化产物（118）、药物物质（172）、激素（11）、烷基酚（APs）（8）、邻苯二甲酸酯（11）和全氟烷基物质（PFAS）（10）。这项工作的目标之一是使用先进的分析技术和可靠的样品制备方法（包括严格的质量控制）实现低而可靠的定量限（LOQ）（87%的 LOQ 低于 10ng/L）。在所进行的 14000 次分析中，99.7%的结果低于 LOQ。未检测到激素、药物物质和邻苯二甲酸酯。在所研究的 330 种化合物中，有 19 种在 11 种样品中被定量。其中 11 种是农药，包括 7 种代谢物，6 种是 PFAS，2 种是 APs。就农药而言，其总和至少是法国瓶装水适用质量标准的两倍。大部分农药代谢物的存在表明，在开采含水层的补给区曾使用过这些农药。一些未受管制的新兴纳米痕量化合物（如 PFAS）的定量，引发了其潜在来源的问题，包括长距离大气传输和沉降。本研究证实，与地质保护程度较低的地下水相比，用于装瓶的地下水含水层受化学物质的污染程度较小，同时也强调需要继续执行补给区的保护政策，以限制人为压力。
