Shriners Pediatric Research Center, Temple University, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 3500 North Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
Shriners Pediatric Research Center, Temple University, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 3500 North Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
Mol Cell Neurosci. 2017 Oct;84:36-47. doi: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.03.007. Epub 2017 Mar 27.
The formation of axon collateral branches from the pre-existing shafts of axons is an important aspect of neurodevelopment and the response of the nervous system to injury. This article provides an overview of the role of the cytoskeleton and signaling mechanisms in the formation of axon collateral branches. Both the actin filament and microtubule components of the cytoskeleton are required for the formation of axon branches. Recent work has begun to shed light on how these two elements of the cytoskeleton are integrated by proteins that functionally or physically link the cytoskeleton. While a number of signaling pathways have been determined as having a role in the formation of axon branches, the complexity of the downstream mechanisms and links to specific signaling pathways remain to be fully determined. The regulation of intra-axonal protein synthesis and organelle function are also emerging as components of signal-induced axon branching. Although much has been learned in the last couple of decades about the mechanistic basis of axon branching we can look forward to continue elucidating this complex biological phenomenon with the aim of understanding how multiple signaling pathways, cytoskeletal regulators and organelles are coordinated locally along the axon to give rise to a branch.
轴突侧支分支的形成是神经发育和神经系统对损伤反应的一个重要方面。本文概述了细胞骨架和信号机制在轴突侧支分支形成中的作用。细胞骨架的肌动蛋白丝和微管成分对于轴突分支的形成都是必需的。最近的工作开始揭示这两种细胞骨架成分如何通过将细胞骨架功能或物理上连接起来的蛋白质进行整合。虽然已经确定了许多信号通路在轴突分支形成中具有作用，但下游机制的复杂性和与特定信号通路的联系仍有待完全确定。轴内蛋白质合成和细胞器功能的调节也正在成为信号诱导轴突分支的组成部分。尽管在过去的几十年中已经了解了轴突分支的机械基础，但我们可以期待继续阐明这一复杂的生物学现象，目的是了解如何沿着轴突局部协调多个信号通路、细胞骨架调节剂和细胞器，从而产生一个分支。
