Natural Capital Project, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Natural Capital Project, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2017 Jul;1399(1):5-26. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13322. Epub 2017 Mar 30.
Interest in the role that ecosystems play in reducing the impacts of coastal hazards has grown dramatically. Yet the magnitude and nature of their effects are highly context dependent, making it difficult to know under what conditions coastal habitats, such as saltmarshes, reefs, and forests, are likely to be effective for saving lives and protecting property. We operationalize the concept of natural and nature-based solutions for coastal protection by adopting an ecosystem services framework that propagates the outcome of a management action through ecosystems to societal benefits. We review the literature on the basis of the steps in this framework, considering not only the supply of coastal protection provided by ecosystems but also the demand for protective services from beneficiaries. We recommend further attention to (1) biophysical processes beyond wave attenuation, (2) the combined effects of multiple habitat types (e.g., reefs, vegetation), (3) marginal values and expected damage functions, and, in particular, (4) community dependence on ecosystems for coastal protection and co-benefits. We apply our approach to two case studies to illustrate how estimates of multiple benefits and losses can inform restoration and development decisions. Finally, we discuss frontiers for linking social, ecological, and physical science to advance natural and nature-based solutions to coastal protection.
人们对生态系统在减少海岸灾害影响方面所起作用的兴趣显著增强。然而，它们的影响的大小和性质高度依赖于具体情况，这使得人们很难知道在什么条件下，海岸栖息地（如盐沼、珊瑚礁和森林）可能会有效地拯救生命和保护财产。我们通过采用生态系统服务框架来将自然和基于自然的解决方案的概念付诸实践，该框架通过生态系统将管理行动的结果传播到社会效益。我们根据该框架的步骤来审查文献，不仅考虑了生态系统提供的海岸保护的供应，还考虑了受益人的防护服务的需求。我们建议进一步关注（1）除了波浪衰减之外的生物物理过程，（2）多种栖息地类型（如珊瑚礁、植被）的综合影响，（3）边际价值和预期损害函数，特别是（4）社区对生态系统的依赖，以获得海岸保护和共同效益。我们将我们的方法应用于两个案例研究，以说明如何估计多种收益和损失可以为恢复和发展决策提供信息。最后，我们讨论了将社会、生态和物理科学联系起来以推进自然和基于自然的海岸保护解决方案的前沿问题。
