Universidad de Almería - CIESOL, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería 04120, Spain.
CIEMAT-Plataforma Solar de Almería, Ctra. de Senés s/n, Tabernas, Almería 04200, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Oct 1;595:110-118. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.238. Epub 2017 Apr 3.
Although Membrane Distillation (MD) has been extensively studied for desalination, it has other applications like removing all kinds of solutes from water and concentrating non-volatile substances. MD offers the possibility of producing a clean stream while concentrating valuable compounds from waste streams towards their recovery, or emerging contaminants and pathogens present in wastewater in order to facilitate their chemical elimination. This paper analyses the elimination of bacterial spores from contaminated water with MD and the role of MD in the subsequent treatment of the concentrate with photo-Fenton process. The experiments were performed at Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA) using a plate and frame bench module with a Permeate Gap Membrane Distillation (PGMD) configuration. Tests were done for two different kinds of spores in two different water matrixes: distilled water with 3.5wt% of sea salts contaminated with spores of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and wastewater after a secondary treatment and still contaminated with Clostridium sp. spores. An analysis of the permeate was performed in all cases to determine its purity, as well as the concentrated stream and its further treatment in order to assess the benefits of using MD. Results showed a permeate free of spores in all the cases, demonstrating the viability of MD to treat biological contaminated wastewater for further use in agriculture. Moreover, the results obtained after treating the concentrate with photo-Fenton showed a shorter treatment time for the reduction of the spore concentration in the water than that when only photo-Fenton was used.
虽然膜蒸馏（MD）已被广泛研究用于海水淡化，但它还有其他应用，如从水中去除各种溶质和浓缩非挥发性物质。MD 提供了从废水中浓缩有价值的化合物以回收，或去除废水中存在的新兴污染物和病原体的可能性，以促进其化学消除。本文分析了 MD 从受污染的水中去除细菌孢子的效果，以及 MD 在随后用光芬顿工艺处理浓缩物中的作用。实验在阿尔梅里亚太阳能平台（PSA）使用带有渗透间隙膜蒸馏（PGMD）配置的板式和框式实验台模块进行。在两种不同的水基质中对两种不同的孢子进行了测试：用 3.5wt%海水盐污染的蒸馏水，其中含有枯草芽孢杆菌（B. subtilis）孢子，以及经过二级处理后仍受到梭菌孢子污染的废水。在所有情况下都对渗透物进行了分析，以确定其纯度，以及浓缩物及其进一步处理的情况，以评估使用 MD 的好处。结果表明，在所有情况下，渗透物中均不含孢子，证明 MD 可用于处理受生物污染的废水，以便进一步用于农业。此外，在用光芬顿处理浓缩物后获得的结果表明，在水中减少孢子浓度的处理时间比仅用光芬顿处理时更短。
