Selmaj Igor, Mycko Marcin P, Raine Cedric S, Selmaj Krzysztof W
Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
J Neuroimmunol. 2017 May 15;306:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.02.002. Epub 2017 Feb 6.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a putative autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which autoreactive immune cells recognizing myelin antigens lead to demyelination and axonal injury. Mechanisms relevant to the pathogenesis of MS have not been fully elucidated, particularly those underlying initiation of immune system dysfunction. For example, it is not known how reactivity against CNS components is generated within the peripheral immune system. In this review, we propose that a significant contribution to the immunoregulatory events may derive from a cell-to-cell communication system involving the production, secretion and transfer of extracellular vesicles known as exosomes. Herein, we discuss in detail the biogenesis and roles of these cell surface-generated vesicles from the standpoint of receptors and their cargo, microRNA. It is well known that exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier and thus may contribute to the spread of brain antigens to the periphery. Further understanding of exosome-dependent mechanisms in MS should provide a novel angle to the analysis of the pathogenesis of this disease. Finally, we launch the idea that exosomes and their contents may serve as biomarkers in MS.
多发性硬化症（MS）是一种中枢神经系统（CNS）的疑似自身免疫性疾病，其中识别髓鞘抗原的自身反应性免疫细胞会导致脱髓鞘和轴突损伤。与MS发病机制相关的机制尚未完全阐明，尤其是那些免疫系统功能障碍起始的潜在机制。例如，尚不清楚在外周免疫系统中如何产生针对CNS成分的反应性。在本综述中，我们提出免疫调节事件的一个重要贡献可能源自一种细胞间通讯系统，该系统涉及称为外泌体的细胞外囊泡的产生、分泌和转移。在此，我们从受体及其货物——微小RNA的角度详细讨论这些细胞表面产生的囊泡的生物发生及其作用。众所周知，外泌体可以穿过血脑屏障，因此可能有助于脑抗原向外周扩散。对MS中依赖外泌体的机制的进一步理解应为分析该疾病的发病机制提供一个新的角度。最后，我们提出外泌体及其内容物可能作为MS生物标志物的观点。
