Saadh Mohamed J, Allela Omer Qutaiba B, Al-Hussainy Ali Fawzi, Baldaniya Lalji, Rekha M M, Nathiya Deepak, Kaur Parjinder, Aminov Zafar, Sameer Hayder Naji, Hameed Huda Ghassan, Athab Zainab H, Adil Mohaned
Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan.
College of Pharmacy, Alnoor University, Nineveh, Iraq.
J Inflamm (Lond). 2025 May 14;22(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s12950-025-00443-z.
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are marked by systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation, yet current therapies often fail to target their underlying causes. Emerging evidence positions exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)-including miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs-as key regulators of inflammatory pathways, providing critical insights into AID pathogenesis. This review synthesizes recent advances in how these ncRNAs orchestrate immune cell communication, modulate inflammatory mediators, and drive microglial activation in neuroinflammatory AIDs. It evaluates their dual role as disease amplifiers (e.g., miR-155 in lupus, miR-326 in rheumatoid arthritis) and therapeutic targets, emphasizing their potential to reprogram immune responses or deliver anti-inflammatory agents. In this review, we first provide a glimpse into the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and delve into the structure and function of exosomes, emphasizing their role in cell-cell communication. We then discuss the regulatory roles of exosomal ncRNAs in immune modulation, detailing their types, functions, and mechanisms of action. Finally, we examine the implications of exosomes and exosomal ncRNAs in the context of autoimmune diseases, with a particular focus on microglial activation and its contribution to neuroinflammation.
自身免疫性疾病（AIDs）的特征是全身性炎症和免疫失调，但目前的治疗方法往往无法针对其根本原因。越来越多的证据表明，包括微小RNA（miRNA）、长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）和环状RNA（circRNA）在内的外泌体非编码RNA（ncRNA）是炎症通路的关键调节因子，为自身免疫性疾病的发病机制提供了重要见解。本综述综合了这些ncRNA如何在神经炎症性自身免疫性疾病中协调免疫细胞通讯、调节炎症介质以及驱动小胶质细胞激活方面的最新进展。它评估了它们作为疾病放大器（如狼疮中的miR-155、类风湿性关节炎中的miR-326）和治疗靶点的双重作用，强调了它们重编程免疫反应或递送抗炎剂的潜力。在本综述中，我们首先简要介绍自身免疫性疾病的发病机制，并深入探讨外泌体的结构和功能，强调它们在细胞间通讯中的作用。然后，我们讨论外泌体ncRNA在免疫调节中的调节作用，详细介绍它们的类型、功能和作用机制。最后，我们研究外泌体和外泌体ncRNA在自身免疫性疾病背景下的意义，特别关注小胶质细胞激活及其对神经炎症的影响。
